Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 33 (1955) pp. 791-2
121. -- « De oratione » de
Tertullien. - Après avoir présenté avec clarté et élégance l'Adversus Praxean, voici que M. E. EVANS nous donne, dans le même style sobre, une édition commode du De oratione que Tertullien composa peu avant de passer au montanisme (Tertullian's Tract on The Prayer. The Latin Text with Critical Notes, an English Translation, an Introduction and Explanatory Observa- tions. London, The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1953. 1 vol. in-8°, xx-69 pp., 12 s. 6 d.). Loin de supplanter le gros travail de M. Dierckx, dont l'auteur n'a pris connaissance qu'après avoir achevé son oeuvre, cette édition vaut moins par son introduction, assez sommaire, que par l'établissement attentif d'un texte difficile, par une traduction précise et par un commentaire, sans doute trop clairsemé, mais souvent intéressant. Parmi les corrections proposées j'applaudis à celle que M. Evans, par un excès de scrupule, relègue dans l'apparat critique alors qu'il main- tient dans le texte la leçon des manuscrits, qui me paraît indéfendable : en 1, 2, je lirais non utrumque, mais bien spiritus utrimque à cause de l'Apologie, XXI, 11, où Tertullien au terme d'un exposé sur la traduction du lo&goj païen par l'expression sermo atque ratio conclut, comme ici, je crois: et idcirco filium Dei et Deum dictum ex unitate substantiae : nom et Deus spiritus. Ce même passage capital de l'Apologie, XXI, 9-11, nous fournit le sens du mot difficile substantia, qui apparaît bien être le calque latin du mot -grec u(po&stasij et auquel Tertullien fait correspondre le terme latin spiritus. C'est ce qui m'oblige à discuter deux passages difficiles du De oratione, pour lesquels je soumets à M. Evans les observations suivantes: en I, 32, le commentaire est inexact puisque substantia apparaît chez Sénèque, Ep., 113, 4 et qu'un passage de Tacite, Dial. Or., 8 : sine substantia facultatum (= sans l'appui que donne la richesse) prouve non seulement qu'il faut interpréter dans le méme sens l'expression de Tertullien: brevitas ista ... magnae ac beatae interpretationis substantia fulta est, mais qu'il faut y trouver la clé d'un autre passage (IV, 9) : petimus ergo substantiam et facultatem voluntatis suae
subministret nobis ut salvi |
After having presented clearly and with elegance Adversus Praxean, see what Mr. E. EVANS gives us, in the same sober style, a convenient edition of De oratione that Tertullian composed little before passing over to Montanism (Tertullian's Tract on The Prayer. The Latin Text with Critical Notes, an English Translation, an Introduction and Explanatory Observations. London, The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1953. 1 vol. in-8°, xx-69 pp., 12 s. 6 d.). Far from supplanting the large work of Mr. Dierckx, of which the author took note only after having completed his work, this edition's worth is not from its introduction, which is rather summary, but by the attentive establishment of a difficult text, by a precise translation and a commentary, undoubtedly too sparse, but often interesting. Among the corrections suggested I applaud those which Mr. Evans, by an excess of scruple, relegates to the critical apparatus whereas he maintains in the text the reading of the manuscripts, which appears indefensible to me: in 1, 2, I would read not utrumque, but rather spiritus utrimque because of the Apology, XXI, 11, where Tertullian at the end of a discussion of the translation of the pagan lo&goj by the expression sermo atque ratio concludes, as here, I believe: et idcirco filium Dei et Deum dictum ex unitate substantiae : nom et Deus spiritus. This same crucial passage of the Apology, XXI, 9-11, furnishes us with the direction of the difficult word substantia, which appears rather to be the Latin translation of the Greek word u(po&stasij and to which Tertullian makes the Latin term spiritus correspond. This obliges me to discuss two difficult passages of De oratione, for which I submit to Mr. Evans the following observations: in I, 32, the commentary is inaccurate since substantia appears at Seneca, Ep., 113, 4 and in a passage of Tacitus, Dial. Or., 8: sine substantia facultatum (= without the support that riches gives) proves not only that it is necessary to interpret in the same direction the expression of Tertullian: brevitas ista ... magnae ac beatae interpretationis substantia fulta est, but also that it is necessary to find there the key of another passage (IV, 9): petimus ergo substantiam et facultatem voluntatis suae subministret nobis ut salvi simus etc, where Tertullian applies to the divine will a metaphor, which had to be common, and which one finds developed in this page of Tacitus. It is on the other hand this same substantia that I do not believe possible to maintain, as does Mr. Evans, in IV, 21, by seeing there like him a translation of u(po&stasij with the meaning of "suffering", which appears hazardous to me, even if u(fi/stasqai is often attested with this meaning: dominus quoque cum substantia passionis infirmitatem carnis demonstrare iam in sua carne voluisset, Pater etc suggests to me concealment of a frequent fault in the manuscripts where - stantia is combined with the prefixes con- and in-, and shortened by the copyists: I propose to read sub instantia, which marks the imminence of passion clearly as is indicated in this passage of Nigidius Figulus reported by Aulus Gellius, IX, 12, 6: nam qui instat ... aut contra de cujus periculo et exitio festinatur, is uterque infestus dicitur, ab instantia atque imminentia fraudis, quam vel facturus cuipiam vel passurus est. This definition of infestus which does not contain the bringing together of instantia and of passurus, is sufficient to make me admit that Tertullian had to have written: cum sub instantia passionis ? One could also query Mr. Evans on his translations of the difficult disciplina (cf for example H.-I. Marron, Doctrina et disciplina dans la langue des Pères de l'Églisein A.L.M.A., IX, 1934, pp. 5-25); one could regret the insufficiency of his commentary on the significant chapter XVI, where it is necessary to keep vel (cf Dierckx on this point) and to take account of the capital study of F J Dölger in Ant. u. Christ., V, 1936, p. 116 ff.; it would also be advisable to discuss his clever corrections of the text of chapter XVIII, where account would have to be taken, I believe, of the montanist treatise De ieiunio adversus psychicos and of the study of J Schümmer, Die altchristliche Fastenpraxis mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schriften Tertullians dans Liturgiegeschichtl. Quellen u. Forsch., 27, 1933. But just as it is this edition will render appreciable services to these to which Mr. Evans dedicates it modestly... ... to introduce to young students one of the most brilliant and versatile writers of Christian antiquity, a master of Latin prose.
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