Sallustius on Attis

The late antique philosopher Sallustius in De diis et mundo also wrote about Attis. The text is online here. I suspect this is the A.D.Nock 1926 translation, but there is an old one somewhere by Thomas Taylor.

To take another myth, they say that the Mother of the Gods seeing Attis lying by the river Gallus fell in love with him, took him, crowned him with her cap of stars, and thereafter kept him with her. He fell in love with a nymph and left the Mother to live with her. For this the Mother of the Gods made Attis go mad and cut off his genital organs and leave them with the nymph, and then return and dwell with her.

Now the Mother of the Gods is the principle that generates life; that is why she is called Mother. Attis is the creator of all things which are born and die; that is why he is said to have been found by the river Gallus. For Gallus signifies the Galaxy, or Milky Way, the point at which body subject to passion begins. Now as the primary gods make perfect the secondary, the Mother loves Attis and gives him celestial powers.

That is what the cap means. Attis loves a nymph: the nymphs preside over generation, since all that is generated is fluid. But since the process of generation must be stopped somewhere, and not allowed to generate something worse than the worst, the creator who makes these things casts away his generative powers into the creation and is joined to the Gods again. Now these things never happened, but always are. And mind sees all things at once, but reason (or speech) expresses some first and others after. Thus, as the myth is in accord with the cosmos, we for that reason keep a festival imitating the cosmos, for how could we attain higher order?

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The gallos-priests of Attis

The full text of Lucian De Dea Syria is online here. cc. 50-51 discuss the galli.

50. On certain days a multitude flocks into the temple, and the Galli in great numbers, sacred as they are, perform the ceremonies of the men and gash their arms and turn their backs to be lashed. Many bystanders play on the pipes the while many beat drums; others sing divine and sacred songs. All this performance takes place outside the temple, and those engaged in the ceremony enter not into the temple.

51. During these days they are made Galli. As the Galli sing and celebrate their orgies, frenzy falls on many of them and many who had come as mere spectators afterwards are found to have committed the great act. I will narrate what they do. Any young man who has resolved on this action, strips off his clothes, and with a loud shout bursts into the midst of the crowd, and picks up a sword from a number of swords which I suppose have been kept ready for many years for this purpose. He takes it and castrates himself and then runs wild through the city, bearing in his hands what he has cut off. He casts it into any house at will, and from this house he receives women’s raiment and ornaments. Thus they act during their ceremonies of castration.

52. The Galli, when dead, are not buried like other men, but when a Gallus dies his companions carry him out into the suburbs, and laying him out on the bier on which they had carried him they cover him with stones, and after this return home. They wait then for seven days, after which they enter the temple. Should they enter before this they would be guilty of blasphemy.

There is a question whether this rite relates to Cybele and Attis, depending on whether we identify the Syrian goddess with Cybele.

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Julian on Attis

Libanius tells us that, as Julian the Apostate marched to his Persian campaign, he spent one night at Pessinus, the home of the cult of Cybele and Attis, and wrote an essay defending the cult and interpreting its myth in philosophical style.

His oration on the Magna Mater, Oratio 5, is online here. It’s mostly full of allegorising, but begins with a valuable account of the coming of the cult of Cybele to Rome.

I’ve tried to condense a large chunk of the material to the bits which give concrete information about Attis, and paragraphed it for readability:

Who then is the Mother of the Gods? She is the Source of the Intelligible and Creative Powers, which direct the visible ones; she that gave birth to and copulated with the mighty Jupiter: she that exists as a great goddess next to the Great One, and in union with the Great Creator; she that is dispenser of all life; cause of all birth; most easily accomplishing all that is made; generating without passion; creating all that exists in concert with the Father; herself a virgin, without mother, sharing the throne of Jupiter, the mother in very truth of all the gods; for by receiving within herself the causes of all the intelligible deities that be above the world, she became the source to things the objects of intellect.

Now this goddess, who is also the same as Providence, was seized with a love without passion for Attis. … And this the legend aims at teaching when it makes the Mother of the Gods enjoin upon Attis to be her servant, and not to stray from her, and not fall in love with another woman. But he went forward, and descended as far as the boundaries of Matter.

But when it became necessary for this ignorance to cease and be stopped—-then Corybas, the mighty Sun, the colleague of the Mother of the Gods … persuades the lion to turn informer. Who then is this lion? We hear him styled “blazing”—-he must, therefore, I think, be the cause presiding over the hot and fiery element; that which was about to wage war against the Nymph, and to make her jealous of her intercourse with Attis; and who this Nymph is we have already stated.

This lion, the fable tells, lent his aid to the Mother of the Gods … and by his detecting the offence and turning informer, became the author of the castration of the youth. … not without the intervention of the fabled madness of Attis…

It is not therefore unreasonable to suppose this Attis a sixper-natural personage (in fact the fable implies as much), or rather in all respects, a deity, seeing that he comes forth out of the Third Creator, and returns again after his castration, to the Mother of the Gods… the fable styles him a “demi-god,” … The Corybantes… are assigned by the Great Mother to act as his bodyguard…

This great god of ours is Attis; this is the meaning of the “Flight of King Attis” that we have just been lamenting; his “Concealments,” his “Vanishings,” his “Descents into the Cave.” Let my evidence be the time of year when all these ceremonies take place; for it is said that the Sacred Tree is cut down at the moment when the Sun arrives at the extreme point of the equinoctial arc: next in order follows the Sounding of the trumpets, and lastly is cut down the sacred and ineffable Harvest of the god Gallos: after these come, as they say, the Hilaria and festivities.

Now that a “cessation of Indefinity” is meant by the castration so much talked of by the vulgar, is self-evident from the fact that when the Sun touches the equinoctial circle, where that which is most definite is placed (for equality is definite, but inequality indefinite and inexplicable); at that very moment (according to the report), the Sacred Tree is cut down; then come the other rites in their order; whereof some are done in compliance with rules that be holy and not to be divulged; others for reasons allowable to be discussed.

The “Cutting of the Tree;” this part refers to the legend about the Gallos, and has nothing to do with the rites which it accompanies… The rite, therefore, enjoins upon us who are celestial by our nature, but who have been carried down to earth, to reap virtue joined with piety from our conduct upon earth, and to aspire upwards unto the deity, the primal source of being and the fount of life. Then immediately after the cutting does the trumpet give out the invocation to Attis and to those that be of heaven, whence we took our flight, and fell down to earth.

And after this, when King Attis checks the Indefinity by the means of castration, the gods thereby warn us to extirpate in ourselves all incontinence, and to imitate the example, and to run upwards unto the Definite, and the Uniform, and if it be possible, to the One itself; which being accomplished the “Hilaria” must by all means follow. For what could be more contented, what more hilarious than the soul that has escaped from uncertainty, and generation, and the tumult that reigns therein, and hastens upwards to the gods? Of whose number was this Attis, whom the Mother of the Gods would not suffer to advance farther than was proper for him, but turned him towards herself, and enjoined him to check all indefinity.

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Let’s demonize all the Catholics

In the last ten years or so, the issue of abuse of children by adults has become very high profile.  Nor is this wrong; such evil men deserve severe punishment.  But I am disturbed by evidence that this accusation is being itself abused, as a tool to gratify religious hatred.  Three news reports, all from the BBC, all recent, may be taken as an example.

Yesterday Stephen Douglas-Hogg, who taught at St. Pauls Cathedral Choir school in the 1980’s, was convicted of abusing a series of pupils there.  Here is the BBC news report.

 Last week the BBC reported that the Jesuit order in the UK is being sued by a wealthy lawyer over allegations that a pervert priest abused him in the 1970’s at a Catholic school.  The priest is long dead.  The case is too long ago for any normal case to proceed.  But the judge ruled the case can go ahead, and charged the Jesuit order the enormous sum of half the plaintiff’s costs — £200,000 — before any question of right or wrong is established.

The following day the BBC reported that children were being sold into prostitution from a council orphanage near Heathrow Airport.  More than 80 had “vanished”, although a Hillingdon council spokeman complacently claimed that “only” 4 had been sold into brothels from the orphanage this year, so things were improving.  I saw the BBC local news report that day, which was full of remarks such as “to be fair to the council”.

In the first case, there seems no suggestion that the school is at fault.   There are no calls to sue the education authority.

In the second special permission is granted to sue, and the defendants — a voluntary organisation, remember — are forced to pay over a huge sum to their attacker.  Reading this, I felt the implication was that this was fine.

In the third, a council with a duty of care is happy that four children have vanished, almost certainly into prostitution. The establishment merely tut-tut’s at their negligence.

This seems to suggest that there is one rule for the Catholics, and another for everyone else.

But will not any organisation that deals with the young find a certain number of evil men try to seep in?  In the 1970’s, indeed, we all “knew” for certain that such things hardly ever occurred, so no-one looked for them.  Clergy are accustomed to be on the receiving end of false allegations, and the culture of the times was against going public.

Yet I recall in the 80’s that we read in Private Eye about the Kincora boys home scandal, where an orphange was run as a brothel for gay senior members of the Northern Ireland establishment.  A footnote to Auberon Waugh’s diaries adds laconically that “this scandal never broke.”   There was no question of demonising the whole political order there.  The scandal, indeed, has never broken.  Who even remembers it?  But of course those responsible were not Catholic priests, but politicians.  That’s alright, then?

We can argue that those who could have stopped something are responsible too, although when we are discussing a voluntary society, we might reflect on the limited powers that such have.

But why bother?  Don’t the above reports show that the “power to stop this” argument is just a pretext to sue the innocent?  For if the Jesuits are guilty, so is St. Pauls; doubly so is Hillingdon Council, for what is happening in broad daylight right now.  Yet the council leader relies on a stale excuse, and no man suggests that he should be arrested or fined £200,000.  The choir school issues a new code of conduct and all is well.

In Boston, in the USA, I believe that similar accusations have been used as a pretext to sue dioceses, seize churches, confiscate vast sums of money contributed for charitable purposes by ordinary people.  The wicked priests who committed the abuse, of course, are unaffected by all this.  But I feel deep unease when the state starts seizing churches.  It’s almost a litmus test of declining freedom.

Why target the Catholics?  Is it because they are almost the only body which resists the agenda of the selfish generation who today run the political establishment? Who else that matters is standing up against the values of that group?  Most Christian groups are politically insignificant.

It is an ancient hate-ploy to accuse Christians of child abuse; since everyone loathes the latter it serves to undermine their moral authority and acts as a pretext to seize their property.   Diocletian used the same methods.  Nor is it confined to the church: in the US women getting divorced have been advised by lawyers to make false accusations of child abuse against their husbands in order to gain custody, or so I am told.  The revulsion for the accusation drowns out the possibility that the accusation may be false or malicious; to be accused is to be guilty.

How, precisely, could the Catholics have avoided this problem?  It is not easy to see how.  By holding in 1970 the attitudes of 2000?  To demand such is dishonest, surely?  If they could not have avoided this, on what basis is all this just?  Everyone knows that the Catholics are against child abuse.  On the other hand those like Peter Tatchell who call for the age of homosexual consent to fall to 14 face no opprobrium, and receive fawning interviews in major newspapers.

If organisations are responsible for what goes on — and why should they not? — then let us see those who believe this put it into practice when it affects them.  But if only Catholics are targeted, surely hate, not justice, is the agenda here?

Meanwhile last night the BBC broadcast yet another anti-Catholic programme, this a stale story about some Irish bishop knocking up his housekeeper. 

I am not a Catholic, but I am disturbed by all this.  Isn’t the church being attacked, not because it endorses under-age sex, but precisely because it does not do so? because alone among major organisations in the UK and USA, it objects to it? 

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Manuscript digitization in the Wall Street Journal

From the WSJ, some excerpts of a fascinating article by Alexandra Alter.  Note the reference to the manuscript of Michael the Syrian coming online!

One of the most ambitious digital preservation projects is being led, fittingly, by a Benedictine monk. Father Columba Stewart, executive director of the Hill Museum and Manuscript Library at St. John’s Abbey and University in Minnesota, cites his monastic order’s long tradition of copying texts to ensure their survival as inspiration.

His mission: digitizing some 30,000 endangered manuscripts within the Eastern Christian traditions, a canon that includes liturgical texts, Biblical commentaries and historical accounts in half a dozen languages, including Arabic, Coptic and Syriac, the written form of Aramaic. Rev. Stewart has expanded the library’s work to 23 sites, including collections in Syria, Lebanon and Turkey, up from two in 2003. He has overseen the digital preservation of some 16,500 manuscripts, some of which date to the 10th and 11th centuries. Some works photographed by the monastery have since turned up on the black market or eBay, he says.

Among the treasures that Rev. Stewart has digitally captured: a unique Syriac manuscript of a 12th-century account of the Crusades, written by Syrian Christian patriarch Michael the Great. The text, a composite of historical accounts and fables, was last studied in the 1890s by a French scholar who made an incomplete handwritten copy. Western scholars have never studied the complete original, which was locked in a church vault in Aleppo, Syria. Rev. Stewart and his crew persuaded church leaders to let them photograph it last summer. A reproduction will be published this summer, and a digital version will be available through the library’s Web site.

In February, Rev. Stewart traveled to Assyrian and Chaldean Christian communities in Kurdish villages in northern Iraq, where he hopes to soon begin work on collections in ancient monastic libraries. “You have these ancient Christian communities, there since the beginning of Christianity, which are evaporating,” he says He’s now seeking access to manuscript collections in Iran and Georgia.

With his black monk’s habit, trimmed gray beard and deferential manner, Rev. Stewart has been able to make inroads into closed communities that are often suspicious of Western scholars and fiercely protective of their texts. Armed with 23-megapixel cameras and scanning cradles, he sets up imaging labs on site in monasteries and churches, and trains local people to scan the manuscripts.

For now, curators and conservationists say capturing endangered manuscripts should be a top priority. 

“This could be our only chance,” says Daniel Wallace, executive director of the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, the Texas-based center that is attempting to digitally photograph 2.6 million pages of Greek New Testament manuscripts scattered in monasteries and libraries around the world. The group has discovered 75 New Testament manuscripts, many with unique commentaries, that were unknown to scholars. Mr. Wallace says one of the rare, 10th century manuscripts they photographed was in a private collection and was later sold, page by page, for $1,000 a piece. Others are simply disintegrating, eaten away by rats and worms, or rotting.

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Was Firmicus Maternus a Christian?

In every age there are those who adopt their religion and their values from the society in which they live, often without considering that this is what in effect they do.  Indeed most people today do this, for instance; and often would say that they “think for themselves”.  But in truth their way of life, their way of thinking, is merely a subset of the menu of values and ideas characteristic of the late 20th century USA.  This is often easier to see in men of a century ago, who all seem “Victorian” to us in every important regard, but who would most certainly have protested their intellectual independence.

In the fourth century, Christianity was becoming fashionable.  This had the evil consequence of creating people who were Christian in name, and unregenerate in heart, word and deed.  Such behaviour might be called hypocritical; but is merely natural, to any man who follows his nose rather than some predefined set of principles.  (Indeed if we mention “principles” to such a man, he may consider us a fool!)  Such men are beneath reason, but none the less normal honest human beings.  The issue of integrity is one that they are not awake enough to perceive.

Anyone who has read the letters of Augustine will encounter many such people.  The letters of Isidore of Pelusium, a little later, show the same process.  “Christianity” is the religion of the state; more, it is the religion which is socially on the rise.  To stand out against this peer pressure is socially dangerous; to profess it opens doors and at least removes one ground of possible offence.  Consequently men adopt it, with as little interference with their lives as may be.  It is merely words.

Today I have been translating Firmicus Maternus, On the error of profane religion, and have reached chapter 6.  I admit that I was predisposed against him.  His work was described as a crude and unsuccessful attack on paganism.  Unsuccessful in literary terms it certainly was;  Ambrosiaster is the only author who might show any knowledge of the work from the time that it was written, ca. 350, to the time that it was discovered in the 16th century.  A quick read of the chapter on Attis revealed nothing against this perceived wisdom.  The work contains a great deal of hard information about late paganism, and is not online. It is routinely referred to by the sort of scribbler who affects to believe that Christ was just a reinvention of Attis or Osiris, so it really should be online.

Yet… in every age, there are also those who sincerely have chosen Christ.  In an age when “Christianity” is fashionable, it will be hard for us to know them unless we meet them.  But as I transcribed his words, I found myself wondering whether he was one.  Firmicus Maternus was an adult convert.  He had participated in the mystery cults, and knew them well; and he detested their superstition and general moral grubbiness.  His anger towards these cheats, these attempts to divert the impulse that leads us towards the light into lust and superstition, is genuine, and appropriate.

In chapter 4 he attacks the Syrian cult of the goddess.  The depraved and effeminate priests draw his lash, and quite rightly too:

It is still necessary to consider what indeed this divinity can be, who enjoys staying in a debauched body, who attaches itself unchaste members, which is placated by the contamination of a polluted body. Blush, O most wretched! God made you otherwise. When your troop arrives before the court of the divine judge, you will bring nothing with you that the god who created you might recognize.

So far, so good.  But then he goes on to address the members of this cult:

Reject this error, source of so many difficulties, give up before it’s too late the profane studies of your mind. Do not damn your body, the work of God, while subjecting yourself to the criminal laws of the devil, and put an end to your disgraces while there is still time. God is rich in mercy, He forgives readily.

4. He leaves ninety sheep to seek the only one which was mislaid; the father returns his robe and prepares a feast for the returned prodigal son. Do not let the multitude of your crimes throw you into despair. The supreme god, through His son Jesus-Christ, our Lord, delivers those who wish it, He forgives readily those who repent, and He does not ask great things to forgive. Faith and repentance are enough for you to repurchase what you have lost by yielding to the wicked urgings of the devil.

Condemnation is easy.  But Jesus Christ came into the world to save sinners, not to condemn them.  And Firmicus Maternus is able to see this, applied to these vile dancing priests; to implore them to save their souls, to repent, and to come to Christ.  None of this reads like “Join my party.”  Those who see the battle of factions will know that these seek to win, not to convert; to persecute, not to convince.  The words of Firmicus Maternus seem to me to breath the pure air of the gospel.  Would that many of the anti-heretical writers of antiquity had remembered the same.

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Tell me where to go

… on holiday.  It looks as if I shall get some time off in July and August; where should I go?

I’d like to go somewhere warm — I like heat anyway; somewhere with ancient ruins to see, perhaps with a museum or two.  I don’t want to catch any diseases, or be held hostage.  I would like to go somewhere that you can go on a package tour, so that I have people to talk to.  Maybe somewhere in the Mediterranean.  Somewhere with a 5* hotel.  Somewhere with an airflight time that isn’t too hideous.

Where should I go?

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More on the Fujitsu Scansnap S300 scanner

This portable scanner is a funny old thing. But it is rather good, as a way to scan documents (it won’t do books), and photocopies. It’s very small, and very fast.

You really do have to make yourself play with it awhile before trying to use it seriously.  It has quite a few quirks.

It won’t handle more than about 8-9 pages at a go.  By default it presumes that when it gets to the end of these, that’s the end of the document and it creates a PDF (which you can’t then add to!).  This is not sensible behaviour.  What you want it to do is prompt for more sheets, so you can keep feeding your 500 page photocopy into it.  Luckily you can do this.  You need to right-click on the “Scansnap manager” icon on your taskbar, hit “Scan button settings”, and modify the default behaviour.  This one is “continue scanning after current scan is finished” (meaningful, mmm?) on the Scanning tab.  Make sure it is checked.

I’m working with Image quality=faster, colour mode=color (well, disk space isn’t an issue, and it’s plenty fast enough), duplex scan (because I was scanning some stuff that was two-sided).  Set the compression to 1, unless you want fuzzy images.  Disk space, remember, is cheap.  Paper size I left on automatic, and it has handled pay slips etc well.

The “Save” tab has some interesting options.  The “image saving folder” is the one in which the PDF will be deposited on output.  So have a Windows Explorer window open on that folder, and just cut and paste the file out of there before you do much else.

Loading the scanner is an art.  Open the top, and extend the supports in the top of the lid.  Then put ONE sheet in, and one only.  This will fit into the right place.  Then place the others on top of it (face down, of course).  This way you will avoid multiple sheets going through.

The software can bite you.  When you’ve done your scan, it pops up a box asking what to do with it — open Organiser, save to folder, email, etc.  Do NOT hit “save to folder” — your work will just vanish.  Nothing appears on the disk anywhere I could discover.  Hit the “open Organiser” and then grab it using Windows Explorer as above.

The software can perform OCR as part of the scan.  This is painfully slow, so don’t do that.   Tab “File Option”, “Searchable PDF” and uncheck the box.  You get another chance anyway when the Organiser opens.

This weekend I used the unit to scan all my expenses for the last business year.  It did them flawlessly, and I did the lot in a very short time.  I recommend this unit; but just practise with it a bit first, hmm?

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How I hate Vista

The last hour of my life I spent downloading a book in very many zip files.  I copied the files to a directory, and began extracting the contents.  I click on one zip, drag the contents to the same folder.  Then, apparently having the zip highlighted, I press delete — and the whole parent folder, the 50+ files, the whole lot vanishes, without a prompt, without recovery.  Because, although it LOOKS as if I have focus on the .zip file, focus has silently switched to the parent.

I hate Vista.  Can’t face downloading that lot again.  This is the second time this has happened.  Now I’ve been forced to turn on the recovery feature on the trashcan; something that I was never, ever obliged to do before.

I shall now go off and seethe.

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Articles in Modern Greek of general interest

Ioannis Kokkinidis has sent me a number of links to online articles in modern Greek on subjects which many readers may find interesting.  Remember, Google now has a Greek->English translator.

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_columns_2_04/05/2008_268634
Opening of the library of the Patriarchate of Alexandria, sponsored by the National Bank of Greece.

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_civ_2_10/02/2007_215501
Greek Libraries on the Internet

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_civ_2_14/01/2007_211765
Rare treasures saved in digital form

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_2_14/05/2006_183787
Our future is being “rebuilt” digitally

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_civ_2_27/06/2004_107938
The importance of monastery treasures

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_civ_2_19/12/2004_127191
book-binding, a witness of culture/civilisation

The following 3 are on the Vatican Library:

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_civ_2_12/12/2004_126358
Rare Greek Manuscripts

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_civ_1_12/12/2004_126360
In the secrets of the Vatican library

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_civ_100002_12/12/2004_126359
No more secrets (it is an interview with the librarian of the Vatican, by far the most interesting of all articles so far)

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_2_16/06/2002_28486
Did Byzantium hurt antiquity? (This article generally summarises what the majority of Greeks think about themselves and the Byzantine Empire and the transmission of Greek culture. As you can see though in the introduction, not all Greeks)

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_2_22/07/2001_5004088
Unique relics abroad

http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_columns_2_13/05/2008_269634
http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_civ_2_13/05/2008_269621
http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_civ_2_05/12/2008_294810
Three more on the Greek patriarchal library in Alexandria.

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