In the Mithraeum under the church of Santa Prisca in Rome, there are a number of verses written on plaster around the walls, in between or above various images in the frescoes. The frescoes themselves have been badly damaged, partly because of the poor quality of the material on which they were placed, but also because of intentional damage not later than 400 AD.
One of these verses has attracted wide attention. It reads as follows:
Primus et hic aries astrictius ordine currit;
Et nos servasti eternali sanguine fuso;
Offero ut fiant numina magna Mithre.
The meaning is less than obvious:
Here too the ram runs in front, more strictly in line.
And you saved us after having shed the eternal blood.
I bring offerings so that the great power of Mithras may be shown.
Even Vermaseren is not sure whether this gibberish makes up one sentence or three independent sentences. The middle line has been eagerly seized on by the headbangers, although the Mithraeum was constructed in 220 AD, and so is not evidence for any pre-Christian beliefs.
The inscription appears on the left-hand wall, at the top of the lower layer of frescoes. The colour images sent to me by a reader and published in Mysteria Mithrae, appendix 1, are the best I have seen; far better than the wretched effort by Vermaseren. Here’s the context in which those three lines appear:
It should be immediately obvious that the wall is badly damaged. Also some sort of graphic — is that a head? — intrudes into the middle of the text. Note the word “FUSO” – that last word in the crucial sentence is the clearest element we get. Note also the next lines of the inscriptions, on the right.
Let’s add the diagram by Vermaseren:
And now the photograph. Since this is long and thin, it’s in two halves; first the left, then the right. Click on the images to get the full size.
Myself I would have thought that colour would be clearer, but maybe not. At all events, this is all we get.
Possibly more is visible on the wall than can be photographed. But frankly… it’s not very good, is it? How much of what Vermaseren read is imaginary?
Et nos servasti eternali sanguine fuso “And you saved us with the poured out eternal blood” — Isn’t this a reference to Mithras’s slaying of the mythological bull?
Presumably so (isn’t sanguine fuso an ablative absolute? perhaps “after the eternal blood had been poured out”?). But the question (asked by Andrew Criddle) is whether the wall actually contains these words. I think the “sanguine fuso” is there. Much less sure about the rest.
In Mysteria Mithrae (ed. U. Bianchi Leiden 1979) 87-126, S. Panciera has an article on, Il materiale epigrafico dallo scavo del mitreo di S. Stefano Rotondo (con un addendum sul verso terminante …sanguine fuso). With photographs and new transcriptions, Panciera (103-105) shows that the reading servasti eternali is extremely doubtful. sanguine fuso is OK. The entire inscription will have to be reevaluated.
Thank you very much – I must get hold of that.
After a deep analysis of the text transcribed by Vermaseren which I compared with the original image scanned in high resolution and with optical filters and contrast, I would propose an interpretation based on my personal philological correction.
The text may be this one:
PRIMUS ET HIC ACIE SUA SINE TUI ORDINE CURRIT
ET NOS SERVASTI ETERNALI SANGUINE FUSO.
OFFERO UT MAGNA NUMINA FIANT MAGNA MITHRE
PRIMUS ET HIC ACIE SUA:
– “Primus” may be a first name “Primo” or a pronominal adjective “first”
– “Hic” should be an adverb
– “Acies” is a feminine word and it belongs to the 5th declination. Thus the the ablative case is “–e”. It usually means “troops” or “army” but also “cleverness”
– The letter before “sine” should be an “a”
– “Tui” is the genitive case of the pronoun “tu” and it means “your” or literally “of you” and in the late latin is often used instead of the adjective “tuus”
ET NOS SERVASTI ETERNALI SANGUINE FUSO.
– “Nos” may be a plurale majestatis and can be translated as “me” or “us”
– “Eternali sanguine fuso” may be an ablative assoluto but also e normal ablative case which can be translated “through your eternal blood”
OFFERO UT MAGNA NUMINA FIANT MAGNA MITHRE
– The syntax of “ut” must be built with the present subjunctive because “offero” is a prime time (present); but more important is the gap in the center. Comparing the space between the previous words of the same line, the space is 4 cm (about 1,58 inch), and then just 5 letters can be inserted. “Fiant” (they become) works perfectly but is a guess.
– “Mithre” should have been written “Mithrae” but the genitive and dative cases (-AE) in late latin become “-E” as they are pronounced. Thus the translation may be “for Mithra” or “of Mithra”.
Then my complete translation is:
Primo too here by his intelligence without your order ran
and you have saved us(/me) by the sprinkling of the everlasting blood.
I sacrifice in order to the great divine authority become great in the sign of Mithra.
Please give me an opinion on my idea. Thank you for your attention.
Interesting and possible.