New edition of “Scribes and Scholars”

Via Paleojudaica:

4TH EDITION: Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature by L. D. Reynolds and N. G. Wilson (OUP). Forthcoming at the end of February.

One of the remarkable facts about the history of Western culture is that we are still in a position to read large amounts of the literature produced in classical Greece and Rome despite the fact that for at least a millennium and a half all copies had to be produced by hand and were subject to the hazards of fire, flood, and war. This book explains how the texts survived and gives an account of the reasons why it was thought worthwhile to spend the necessary effort to preserve them for future generations.

In the second edition a section of notes was included, and a new chapter was added to deal with some aspects of scholarship since the Renaissance. In the third edition (1991), the authors responded to the urgent need to take account of the very large number of discoveries in this rapidly advancing field of knowledge by substantially revising or enlarging certain sections. The last two decades have seen further advances, and this revised edition is designed to take account of them.

This volume is essential reading for anyone interested in the transmission of texts.  Get it.

According to Amazon.co.uk, however, it is already available.

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Google books lets me down badly

I’ve just had a very bad experience, because I relied rather uncritically on a volume that I found on Google books.  It’s a warning, and I doubt I shall forget it in a hurry.

I have someone out in the Middle East transcribing the Arabic from Erpenius’ 1625 edition of the 13th century Coptic historian, al-Makin.  Of course I got a copy from google books and sent it off, and thought no more about it.

The text is 300 pages.  It turns out that various pages are missing, others appear out of order, or several times.  Of course the transcriber was chosen for their Arabic skills, and, although they’ve done their best, have been utterly confused by this.  Worse yet, they live in a region where internet access is poor, so downloads are very slow.

I have had to spend the entire evening working on the Erpenius PDF in Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro; indicating, page by page, whether the page should be included or not; marking up individual pages with red crossings out; inserting missing pages from another copy.

I’ve had to do this so that the transcribe can go through their transcription, in the order of the original defective PDF, and find the material in the right places.

It’s a hideous job.

Moral: never rely on a Google books PDF.  Take the time and just go through it and collate it.  It will take 15 minutes at most, and it will save you a world of frustration.

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Experiments in Arabic OCR

A correspondent has suggested to me the possibility of using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software to read a portion of al-Makin that was published in the Bibliotheque d’etudes orientale 15, back in the 1950’s.  I admit that I was dubious, but I’ve spent a little time this evening looking into the matter.

I believe that Adobe Acrobat Pro XI may have a facility to OCR text in Arabic.  Certainly Acrobat Pro 9 does not; at least, my copy doesn’t seem to.  There is discussion at the Adobe forums here.

One product mentioned there was something called Novoverus.  This is supposedly used by the US government.  It comes as no surprise, therefore, that the company website omits any prices and will only deal with customers personally.  However I did find a site offering it for sale, here, at a cool $1,299!

Fortunately the Adobe forum notified that Abbyy Finereader Pro 11 supports Arabic OCR.  This I have.  The user interface to this version of FR is buggy. It caused me endless grief while scanning Theodoret’s commentary on Romans.  So I have mostly used an older version.

I’ve installed FR11 (version 10 is not good enough) and it does indeed have an Arabic option: “Arabic (Saudi Arabia)”.

I tried OCR’ing the text on a page of Erpenius.  I didn’t think the results were that great; but then it wasn’t a fair test on a 1625 font!  So I tried again on Cahen’s text.  The result is as follows:

fr11_arabic

I don’t think that seems particularly impressive; but perhaps those who can actually read Arabic might comment.

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Erpenius’ al-Makin arrives in Word format

An email brings the text of the Erpenius (1625) edition of al-Makin.  The typist has done a good job.

She’s also indicated that some words – especially names – seem to be corrupt.  These will need to be fixed by comparison against a manuscript.

Erpenius was a very early editor indeed, and his edition is probably very faulty.  I don’t see it as my job to produce a satisfactory critical edition – I leave that to the professional scholars.  What I want to do is get something that we can work with (while the professional scholars sit on their hands, as, since Erpenius, they have done).

Erpenius also died before he finished.  His text only runs as far as 525/1130.  The remainder of his second part (which is all that Erpenius edited) was published by C. Cahen, in “La Chronique Ayyoubides’ d’al-Makin b. al-`Amid.” Bulletin d’Etudes Orientale, 15 (1955-7): 109-84.

It turns out that I don’t have any decent images of manuscripts of that part of the work.  So I have today ventured across to Cambridge University Library and photocopied Cahen’s publication.  We’ll stick that on the end of Erpenius.  I do wish, however, that CUL would buy some new photocopiers!  Theirs are worn out.

Then we can venture onto the really interesting stuff – part 1!  This contains the narrative from the creation down to the 11th year of Heraclius.  I think we may start with Constantine, and do the section to Heraclius first.  The opening material will undoubtedly be very tedious – at least, it was for Agapius, and, if I hadn’t done all the rest of him, I’d have abandoned it there!

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The Life of Severus of Antioch – part 12

The place is Beirut (or Berytus as it was then) in the early 6th c. A.D.  Zacharias Rhetor, the author of the Life, and Severus of Antioch, its subject, are young men – students – at the famous law school.  The latter is considering becoming a Christian.  The two have decided to study the church writers together.

The work, by an eye-witness, gives an interesting picture of student life at that period, which is not unrecognisable even today.  Note that “philosophy” here means asceticism.

We agreed, and set to work.  We began with the treatises that different ecclesiastical authors have written against the pagans.  After that, we read the Hexameron of the very wise Basil, then his individual discourses and letters, then the treatise addressed to Amphilochius, the refutation he wrote Against Eunomius,  as well as the oration addressed to young men, in which he teaches them how they can benefit from the works of the pagans.

Then our reading continued, and we arrived at the writings of the three divines, Gregory and the two illustrious ones, John and Cyril.

It was only Severus and I who did these profitable readings during the time agreed.  But every day we went in company to the church to attend the evening service.  We had with us the admirable Evagrius, whom God had sent to Berytus expressly in order to urge lots of young folk to exchange the pointlessness of the legal profession for the philosophy divine.   This Evagrius was from Samosata, and had been instructed in the schools of Antioch the great.  When he was young, it happened that he was caught up in the passions of youth, and he went to see a spectacle being given in that city.  A riot followed, and he was injured.   Straightened out by this injury, he came to abhor the shameful spectacles, and thereafter assiduously frequented the holy churches, joining with those who, at that time, were singing all night in the church of the very illustrious Stephen, the proto-martyr.

These people were devoted to practical philosophy, which, in most cases, was not inferior in any way to the monks.  After applying himself to the preliminary learning, Evagrius wanted to rise up to philosophy and to embrace the monastic life completely.  But his father forced him to go to Phoenicia to study law, at the time when I also was going there.  At the same time the admirable Eliseus (=Elisha), originally from Lycia, also came to Berytus for the same reason.  Eliseus was a man who was very sweet and very humble.  He lived simply and was full of compassion for those who needed food and clothing.

The friends that we make at university are often friends for life.  It seems that it was much the same for Zacharius.  At any rate he clearly remembers fondly, decades later, the friends of his youth.

So do we all, even if they have grown grey and weary since.  Truly “such were the Grecians of our time.”

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From my diary

Regular readers will know that through an intermediary I have commissioned a lady in Syria to type up the Arabic text of Erpenius’ 1625 edition of the second part of al-Makin.  Al-Makin was a 13th century Coptic writer.  The first part runs from the creation to the 11th year of Heraclius; the second part (which alone has been printed) is abbreviated from the Islamic writer al-Tabari and runs down to his own time.

Today a further 8 chunks of transcription appeared – 80 pages of the Erpenius edition, which is 300 pages in all.  I now have 190 pages of text in electronic form!  Only 110 to go.

This transcriber is really good and swift and efficient.

I’ve also received a bunch of rather excellent photographs of the Barberini Mithraeum in Rome from a correspondent.  The basic versions can be found here, but the photographer has kindly sent me the high resolution copies.  I shall incorporate them into the Mithras site in due time.

I am still working on the Mithras materials from time to time.  It’s the only way to attack such a vast catalogue of material.  I daresay I shall still be working on it in a few years time.  But that doesn’t matter.  Whatever I put online is useful, and whatever I never get to … well, we’re no worse off.

A bunch of errata have been sent to the typesetter for the Origen book who, it turns out, has been in hospital.

I’m still full of cold, so not doing much on any of my projects however.

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