Roman society was a brutal place. At the bottom of the heap were slaves, who could endure a very unpleasant time. Not unnaturally, some of them ran away; and some were recaptured.
In the museum in Rome in the Baths of Diocletian, there is a slave collar on display. Here are some images of it (click on the images to enlarge them).[1]
The inscription is straightforward. Slightly normalised it reads:
FUGI. TENE ME. CUM REVOCAVERIS ME D. M. ZONINO, ACCIPIS SOLIDUM
I have run away. Catch me. If you return me to my master Zoninus, you will receive a solidus.
A solidus is the standard gold coin of the later Roman empire, so not a small sum. Clearly this was a valuable slave, and one who didn’t like his or her “employment” much.
For comparison, here is the receipt for another slave. The tablet was found in London. The image was reversed and coloured from a photograph.[2]
Translation:
Vegetus, assistant slave of Montanus the slave of the August Emperor and sometime assistant slave of Secundus, has bought and received by mancipium the girl Fortunata, or by whatever name she is known, by nationality a Diablintian, from […] for six hundred denarii. And that the girl in question is transferred in good health, that she is warranted not to be liable to wander or run away, but that if anyone lays claim to the girl in question or to any share in her, […] in the wax tablet which he has written and sworn by the genius of the Emperor Caesar […]
The girl is a Gaul. Montanus is an imperial slave – really a civil servant. Vegetus is also a slave, but clearly able to buy things with his own money, and for a not inconsiderable sum.
There are more items about slaves here. One of these is witness to an apparently more tender relationship:
The inscription reads:
DOM[I]NUS ANCILLAE SUAE
The master to his slave-girl.
It was found on the girl’s arm. For she died while hiding from the eruption of 79 AD at Pompeii, and her remains were found at modern Moregine, near Pompeii. The item is now in the National Archaeological Museum, Naples.
But why does it not give her name?
- [1]These from Twitter: the first via Kate Cooper; the others taken by Sarah Bond in 2014.↩
- [2]Published in Britannia 34, 2003, 41-51. Details via here.↩
“Why does it not give her name?” Or, for that matter, his?
“Why does it not give her name?” Or, for that matter, his?
Bald speculation: generic product, available with generic inscription?
Interesting to contrast the collar, which is master-specific, but slave-generic (so to speak).
I have not yet followed up the links at your “more items” link, but, wondering about (late-)antique Christian-slave information, searched the New Advent old Catholic Encyclopedia, and found Paul Allard’s “Slavery and Christianity” article (1912), with lots of in-text references, including ones to three of his own scholarly works, all in the Internet Archive, one only in English translation:
https://archive.org/details/lesesclaveschr00alla
https://archive.org/details/lesoriginesduser00alla
https://archive.org/details/tenlecturesonma00alla
as well as an earlier, more wide-ranging work:
https://archive.org/details/esclavesserfsetm00alla
I assume there must be comparable, more recent works – but how to find them, easily?
Interesting – thank you.