{"id":13674,"date":"2014-10-23T15:24:55","date_gmt":"2014-10-23T14:24:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/?p=13674"},"modified":"2014-10-23T15:24:55","modified_gmt":"2014-10-23T14:24:55","slug":"wanted-an-epigraphist-or-pancieri-on-et-nos-servasti-eternali-sanguine-fuso","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/2014\/10\/23\/wanted-an-epigraphist-or-pancieri-on-et-nos-servasti-eternali-sanguine-fuso\/","title":{"rendered":"Wanted: an epigraphist.  Or: Pancieri on &#8220;et nos servasti eternali sanguine fuso&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One of the most famous discoveries in Mithraic studies is the text painted on the wall of the Mithraeum of Santa Prisca in Rome which reads &#8220;et nos servasti eternali sanguine fuso&#8221; &#8211; &#8220;and you have saved us through the shedding of the eternal blood.&#8221;\u00a0 This has been widely compared to Christian ideas, and, outside the scholarly world, almost insanely so.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yesterday a kind correspondent sent me portions of an article in Italian by Pancieri in which he queries whether the text actually says this.\u00a0 The paintings are badly damaged, after all, and conjecture plays a part in the text above.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I thought that it would be useful to translate what he has to say into English, if only to make his cautious remarks rather better known.\u00a0 I will give the Italian as well, in case I misunderstand it at any point: corrections are welcome!<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">With regard to the mysteries of Mithras, I note &#8211; as has been noted above\u00a0concerning the nature of its creator, and his saving and merciful character &#8211; that, although it is considered reliable in most respects, whatever may be the interpretation to be given of his work of salvation [c.f., leaving aside the cult images, the verse from the Mithraeum of S. Prisca, &#8220;et nos servasti eternali sanguine fuso&#8221;, according to the reading of the first editor (A. Ferrua, in <em>Bull.Com<\/em>., LXVIII, 1940, p.85; in <em>Ann.\u00e9p\u00ecgr<\/em>., 1946, 84), confirmed and corrected CIMRM, I, 485,\u00a0and by\u00a0Vermaseren (<em>Excavations<\/em>, <em>l.c<\/em>., pp.217-221)**], it is almost never reflected in the dedications [CIMRM, I, 213 (<em>salutaris<\/em>?), 691 cfr. 891 (<em>propitius<\/em>), 900b (<em>deo bono<\/em>, dubious), II, 2265 (<em>epekoos<\/em>), 2276 (<em>deo bono invicto<\/em>?)].[ref]<em>h<\/em>) Altre caratteristiche del dio sono la misericordia e la piet\u00e0 [<em>per misericordiam tuam, quomodo&#8230; misertus es, miserearis, per tuam pietatem<\/em>] per il cui tramite pare manifestarsi una sua benevola disposizione nei confronti del mondo. Meritevole di discussione mi sembra se la frase introdotta da <em>quomodo<\/em> (che dovrebbe avere valore causale piuttosto che correlativo [<em>Thes. l. L.,<\/em> Vili, col. 1293 rr. 58 sgg.]) debba essere intesa come riferimento a uno specifico intervento misericordioso del dio, o serva soltanto a sostenere la richiesta individuale con l\u2019argomentazione che della benevolenza che si chiede per s\u00e8 il mondo intero beneficia. Per quanto concerne Mitra dei misteri, osservo che, cos\u00ec come si \u00e8 notato per la sua qualit\u00e0 di creatore, anche il suo carattere salvifico e misericordioso, quantunque sia ritenuto certo per pi\u00f9 riguardi, quale che sia l\u2019interpretazione da dare alla sua opera di salvazione [cfr., senza tener conto delle immagini di culto, il versetto del mitreo di S. Prisca <em>et nos servasti eternali sanguine fuso<\/em> nella lettura del primo editore (A. Ferrua, in <em>Bull. Com.,<\/em> LXVIII, 1940, p. 85, inde <em>Ann. \u00e9p\u00ecgr.,<\/em> 1946, 84) confermata, rettificando <em>CIMRM, <\/em>I, 485, dal Vermaseren (<em>Excavations, cit.,<\/em> pp. 217-221)**] quasi mai appare riflesso nelle dediche [<em>CIMRM,<\/em> I, 213 (<em>salutaris<\/em>?), 691 cfr. 891 (<em>propitius<\/em>)<em>,<\/em> 900b (<em>deo bono,<\/em> dubbia), II, 2265 (<em>epekoos<\/em>), 2276 (<em>deo bono invicto<\/em>?)].[\/ref]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One could wish Dr Pancieri had not compressed his thought quite so much!\u00a0 The point being made is that we don&#8217;t know what &#8220;saving&#8221; means in the cult of Mithras, and it features hardly at all in the inscriptions.\u00a0 The last point suggests that it is not exactly an important element in the cult.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The footnote, however, is the bit that interests us.\u00a0 It is printed as one paragraph, but I will split it, for ease of reading:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">** The exceptional importance of this verse,\u00a0for the issue addressed in this seminar, led me to thoroughly review it, after the recent cleaning of the frescoes in the mithraeum of S. Prisca, carried out \u200b\u200bby the\u00a0Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma <span class=\"hps atn\">(<\/span>restorer <span class=\"hps\">Sig.Elio<\/span> <span class=\"hps\">Paparatti<\/span>). During the restoration, the \u00a0Soprintendenza\u00a0has taken some excellent new photographs, from which I took the detail which I have reproduced (fig. 10).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13684\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13684\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Pancieri_fig_10_1978_photo.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13684\" src=\"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Pancieri_fig_10_1978_photo-300x191.jpg\" alt=\"Fig. 10.  1978 photo\" width=\"300\" height=\"191\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13684\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 10. 1978 photo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Judging from a comparison of\u00a0these with the photos published by Vermaseren (<em>Excavations<\/em>, l.c., plate LXVIII, 1-3), and comparing those with\u00a0even earlier ones, dating from the time of the original discovery and publication (fig. 11), we find that, at this point,\u00a0against the inevitable damage of time may be contrasted some gains due to the\u00a0 major cleaning of the wall.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13686\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13686\" style=\"width: 216px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Pancieri_fig_11_1930.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13686\" src=\"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Pancieri_fig_11_1930-216x300.jpg\" alt=\"Fig.11 How the wall appeared in the 1930's.\" width=\"216\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13686\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig.11 How the wall appeared in the 1930&#8217;s.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This does not mean that our verse makes easy reading even now, and so, for this reason, the first publishers are to be commended for their ability, starting from quite miserable fragments, to make available to scholars a text of the utmost importance.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The main danger that we now need to avoid (which, it seems to me, that many have been\u00a0led into,\u00a0because of the current habit of transcribing the text without any critical marks) is of believing that the reconstruction of this verse is certain at every point; or, at least, is of the same degree of reliability for each part (see, for example, more specifically among those who have dealt with this text: H.D. Betz, in <em>Nov. Test.,<\/em> X, 1968, p. 77 ff.; I.M. Hackethal, in <em>Zeitschr. Papyr. Epigr.,<\/em> III ,1968, pp. 233-238; M.J. Vermaseren, in <em>Meded. Nederl. Inst. Rome,<\/em> XXXVII, 1975, p. 92 ff.; M. Simon, in <em>Rev. d&#8217;hist. et de philos. relig.,<\/em> LVI, 1976, pp. 277-288).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In reality, as may be seen from all the photographs (not only the most recent), and also from the facsimile published by Vermaseren (fig. 12), the painted text from the start was in a gravely fragmentary state.\u00a0 In a new facsimile (fig. 13), I have tried to reproduce as closely as possible what I think can be seen today.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13688\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13688\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Pancieri_fig_12_Vermaseren.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13688\" src=\"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Pancieri_fig_12_Vermaseren-300x184.jpg\" alt=\"Fig.12 Vermaseren's facsimile (1965)\" width=\"300\" height=\"184\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13688\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig.12 Vermaseren&#8217;s facsimile (1965)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13682\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13682\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Pancieri_fig13_1978.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-13682 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Pancieri_fig13_1978-300x25.png\" alt=\"Fig.13 - fascimile, 1978\" width=\"300\" height=\"25\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13682\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig.13 &#8211; fascimile, 1978<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Without pretending to give a new reconstruction of the text, I will limit myself to indicating which elements are confirmed, and which are doubtful, as the new evidence seems to require.\u00a0 Proceeding backwards:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1) Absolutely certain is the word FUSO, which\u00a0is found in perfect form also in the short text painted on a jar in the same mithraeum (<em>Excavations<\/em>, l.c., p. 409 fig. 204, plate. XCIX, 1-3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2) Almost certain, although not readable in full, is the word SANGUINE which precedes it, both because it\u00a0fits very well both the spaces and the fragments of letters remaining, and because <em>sanguine fuso<\/em>, as previous editors have noted, is an expression used elsewhere and perfectly in place in this context.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3) Doubtful (and Ferrua also had some doubts) is the word ETERNALI.\u00a0 After carefully analysing the perfectly straight line, slanting from left to right and top to bottom, before the <em>N <\/em>(which is clearly recognisable), it seems very difficult to recognise this as an <em>R<\/em>, even if connected to the following letter.\u00a0 In every <em>R<\/em> present in the inscriptions of this layer (of paintings) it is possible to find a common feature, rising above the top edge of the writing.\u00a0 So this line could belong rather to an <em>A<\/em> or an <em>M<\/em> or to two letters joined.\u00a0 There are doubts also because the word is unique, and because the supposed <em>L<\/em> shows the remains of an upper crossing stroke, which seems a little too strong on the left side to be a mere flourish.\u00a0 I see no sign of the <em>I<\/em>.\u00a0\u00a0What in the photo looks like the remains of an\u00a0<em>S<\/em>, near the head of the Leo which interrupts the writing, in fact does not exist on the plaster, which is damaged at this point.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4) Likewise the reading SERVASTI, with the RVA linked together, does not appear convincing when compared with what remains today (but see also Vermaseren&#8217;s facsimile).\u00a0 And the <em>E <\/em>is not certain; it may be an <em>F<\/em>.\u00a0 The following letter, which has been interpreted as an <em>R<\/em>, looks like an <em>O<\/em> in the photos; nothing can be seen on the wall now, where the plaster is missing (and, it would seem, was missing in the past).\u00a0 Apart from this, I am unclear as to whether the signs that follow (which may well be part of a group <em>VA<\/em>)\u00a0can be made to follow an <em>S<\/em>, since they seem to be the remains of a letter\u00a0joined\u00a0to an <em>N<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">5) Everything before that is no longer verifiable today, in the present state of conservation.\u00a0 The miserable scraps of letters are not definitely identifiable, and do not clearly result in the text above, nor in the old photos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It seems obvious, after what has been said,\u00a0that this famous verse should be studied again by epigraphists, as well as by Mithraic specialists.\u00a0 In the meantime, it would seem to be important that this reading of the text is not taken as secure, both to avoid building on shaky foundations, and because the text deserves to return to the centre of scholarly critical attention.[ref]** L\u2019importanza eccezionale di questo versetto per il tema affrontato in questo Seminario mi ha indotto ad un suo accurato riesame dopo la recente ripulitura degli affreschi operata dalla Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma nel mitreo di S. Prisca (restauratore Sig. Elio Paparatti). In occasione del restauro, la Soprintendenza ha assunto anche nuove ottime fotografie, dalle quali ho tratto il particolare che riproduco (fig. 10). A giudicare dal confronto tra questo particolare e le foto pubblicate dal Vermaseren (<em>Excavations, cit.,<\/em> tav, LXVIII, 1-3) e tra queste ed altra, ancora anteriore, risalente all\u2019epoca della prima scoperta e pubblicazione (fig. 11), si riscontra che, in questo punto, ai danni inevitabili del tempo si contrappongono alcuni guadagni dovuti all\u2019attuale maggior pulizia della parete. Ci\u00f2 non significa che il nostro versetto presenti neanche adesso una lettura agevole e, per questo, i primi editori sono senz\u2019altro da lodare per la capacit\u00e0 che hanno avuto, partendo da lacerti abbastanza miseri, di mettere a disposizione degli studiosi un testo di estrema importanza. Il pericolo principale che credo si deve evitare ora (mentre in esso mi pare siano stati indotti in molti dall\u2019uso corrente di trascrivere il testo senza alcun segno diacritico) \u00e8 quello di credere che la ricostruzione di questo versetto sia certa in ogni suo punto o, per lo meno, attinga allo stesso grado di attendibilit\u00e0 in ogni sua componente (si vedano, ad esempio, tra coloro che pi\u00f9 specificamente si sono occupati di questo testo: H.D. Betz, in <em>Nov. Test.,<\/em> X, 1968, p. 77 sg.; I.M. Hackethal, in <em>Zeitschr. Papyr. Epigr.,<\/em> III ,1968, pp. 233-238; M.J. Vermaseren, in <em>Meded. Nederl. Inst. Rome,<\/em> XXXVII, 1975, p. 92 sg.; M. Simon, in <em>Rev. d&#8217;hist. et de philos. relig.,<\/em> LVI, 1976, pp. 277-288). In realt\u00e0, come si vede bene da tutte le foto (non solo dalla pi\u00f9 recente) ed anche dal facsimile pubblicato dal Vermaseren (fig. 12), il testo dipinto si \u00e8 presentato fin dall\u2019inizio in condizioni di grave frammentariet\u00e0. In un nuovo facsimile (fig. 13) ho cercato di riprodurre il pi\u00f9 fedelmente possibile quello che mi sembra di vedere oggi. Senza pretendere di dare una nuova ricostruzione del testo, mi limito a mettere in evidenza in questa sede qualche conferma e qualche dubbio che il nuovo controllo sembra imporre. Procedendo a ritroso, risulta: 1) assolutamente certa la parola <em>FUSO<\/em> che trova del resto perfetto riscontro nel breve testo dipinto su un vasetto proveniente dallo stesso mitreo (<em>Excavations, cit.,<\/em> p. 409 fig. 204, tav. XCIX, 1-3); 2) pressoch\u00e9 certa, anche se non leggibile per intero, la parola <em>SANGUINE<\/em> che precede, sia perch\u00e9 ad essa si adattano assai bene gli spazi ed i frammenti di lettera superstiti, sia perch\u00e9 <em>sanguine fuso,<\/em> come hanno ben visto i precedenti editori \u00e8 espressione ricca di confronti e perfettamente a posto in un contesto come questo; 3) dubbia (e qualche dubbio lo ebbe anche il Ferrua) la parola <em>ETERNALI.<\/em> Dopo aver attentamente analizzato il tratto perfettamente rettilineo ed obliquo da sinistra a destra e dall\u2019alto in basso che precede la <em>N<\/em> (ben riconoscibile), sembra infatti assai difficile riconoscervi parte di una <em>R<\/em>, sia pure in legatura con la lettera seguente; in nessuna <em>R<\/em> presente nelle iscrizioni di questo strato \u00e8 possibile rintracciare un tratto analogo, per di pi\u00f9 nascente dal margine superiore della scrittura; tale segno potrebbe appartenere piuttosto ad una <em>A<\/em> o ad una <em>M<\/em> o alle due lettere in nesso. Dubbi si potrebbero avere anche sull\u2019unicit\u00e0 della parola e su altre lettere, come la presunta <em>L <\/em>i resti della cui traversa superiore potrebbero apparire un po\u2019 troppo estesi a sinistra per un semplice segno di rifinitura; della <em>I<\/em> non si vede pi\u00f9 nulla; quello che nella foto sembra un resto di <em>S<\/em>, vicino alla testa del <em>Leo<\/em> che interrompe la scritta, non esiste affatto sull\u2019intonaco, che in questo punto \u00e8 danneggiato; 4) similmente non appare convincente, se confrontato con quanto oggi rimane (ma si veda anche il facsimile del Vermaseren) la lettura <em>SERVASTI<\/em> con <em>RVA<\/em> in nesso; gi\u00e0 la <em>E<\/em> non \u00e8 del tutto sicura, potendosi trattare anche di una <em>F<\/em>; della lettera seguente, che \u00e8 stata interpretata come <em>R<\/em> e nelle foto sembrerebbe una <em>O<\/em>, nulla si vede sulla parete che in questo punto manca (e sembrerebbe mancasse anche in passato) dell\u2019intonaco; a parte ci\u00f2 non mi \u00e8 chiaro come ai segni che seguono (che potrebbero ben far parte di un gruppo <em>VA)<\/em> si possa far seguire una <em>S,<\/em> sembrando piuttosto i resti della lettera appartenere ad una <em>N<\/em>, anch&#8217;essa in nesso; 5) tutto quello che precedeva \u00e8 oggi inverificabile non vedendosi pi\u00f9, nell\u2019attuale stato di conservazione, che miseri brandelli di lettere non sicuramente identificabili e non risultando chiaramente il testo neppure nelle vecchie foto. Sembra evidente, dopo quanto si \u00e8 detto, che questo famoso versetto dovr\u00e0 essere nuovamente studiato tanto dagli epigrafisti, quanto dagli specialisti di cose mitriache. Per intanto, importantissimo sembrerebbe che la sua lettura non fosse data per scontata, sia per non fondare costruzioni su basi malsicure, sia perch\u00e9 questo testo merita di tornare al centro dell\u2019attenzione critica degli studiosi.[\/ref]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I should add that I have Vermaseren&#8217;s description, and further photographs of the wall and inscription &#8211; some in colour! &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tertullian.org\/rpearse\/mithras\/display.php?page=cimrm485\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pancieri&#8217;s points are interesting, but clearly there is more to be done.\u00a0 One avenue of exploration would be to see whether the other texts at Santa Prisca would be amendable to similar criticism.\u00a0 Do they actually appear on the wall now?\u00a0 Did they once, but now only exist in the photos?\u00a0 What is the rate of decay of the paintings at Santa Prisca?\u00a0 Or is it the case that decay is not a\u00a0 factor, and that Ferrua and Vermaseren were over-imaginative?\u00a0 What <em>could<\/em> the text read?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As far as I know, nobody accepted Pancieri&#8217;s challenge.\u00a0 Which is now itself, <strong>some forty years ago<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Is there an epigraphist in the house?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One of the most famous discoveries in Mithraic studies is the text painted on the wall of the Mithraeum of Santa Prisca in Rome which reads &#8220;et nos servasti eternali sanguine fuso&#8221; &#8211; &#8220;and you have saved us through the shedding of the eternal blood.&#8221;\u00a0 This has been widely compared to Christian ideas, and, outside [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[19],"tags":[1142,1475],"class_list":["post-13674","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-from-my-diary-announcements","tag-mithras","tag-santa-prisca"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13674","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13674"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13674\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13674"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13674"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/roger-pearse.com\/weblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13674"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}