Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature

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	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Joshua_the_Stylite&amp;diff=2407</id>
		<title>Joshua the Stylite</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Joshua_the_Stylite&amp;diff=2407"/>
		<updated>2006-09-05T08:09:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Chronique de Josue le Stylite, ecrite vers l&amp;#039;an 515. Texte et traduction par Paulin Martin. In series: Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins 6.1. Leipzig : Brockhaus (1876) Syriac text and French translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The chronicle of Joshua the stylite : composed in Syriac A.D. 507. with a translation into English and notes by W. Wright. Cambridge University Press (1882) Reprints also exist.  Improved Syriac text and English translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Die syrische Chronik des Josua Stylites / von Andreas Luther. In series: Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte, 49. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter (1997) ISBN 3110154706. German translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite. Translated with notes and introduction by Frank R. Trombley and John W. Watt.  Liverpool University Press (2000). ISBN 0853235856.  English translation.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
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		<title>Main Page</title>
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		<updated>2006-09-05T08:03:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]] -- a name covering more than one person&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joshua the Stylite]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - author of an eyewitness Chronicle of the Persian war of Anastasius.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - a pantheist&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - the translator&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - wrote to those persecuted by Jewish Arabs in Yemen&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Justinian&amp;#039;s evangelist to pagans.  Author of two histories&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Zacharias Rhetor]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran) ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona) ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Tried to introduce ideas of Chrysostom.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - A Persian monk who spent time in Cyprus&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - greatest scientist and astronomer of his day&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - covers end of Sassanid and start of Arab periods.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian) ([[Church of the East|E]]) - most influential Syrian ascetic writer in the Greek and Latin west.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh) ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - world history includes eye-witness account of Arab conquest&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - translator from Greek&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - pupil of [[Severus Sebokht]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - apologist against the Jews&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba) ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin) ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Author of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - letters on Greek manuscripts and Dead Sea scrolls&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[George of Arbela]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Author of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the Governors&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian) ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Author of a massive &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chronicle&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) ([[Church of the East|E]]) 1250-1318 AD. - wrote list of Syriac writers&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] ([[Church of the East|E]]).  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2405</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2405"/>
		<updated>2006-09-05T08:02:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]] -- a name covering more than one person&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joshua the Stylite]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - author of an eyewitness Chronicle of the Persian war of Anastasius.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - a pantheist&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - the translator&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - wrote to those persecuted by Jewish Arabs in Yemen&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Justinian&amp;#039;s evangelist to pagans.  Author of two histories&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran) ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona) ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Tried to introduce ideas of Chrysostom.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - A Persian monk who spent time in Cyprus&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - greatest scientist and astronomer of his day&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - covers end of Sassanid and start of Arab periods.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian) ([[Church of the East|E]]) - most influential Syrian ascetic writer in the Greek and Latin west.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh) ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - world history includes eye-witness account of Arab conquest&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - translator from Greek&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - pupil of [[Severus Sebokht]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - apologist against the Jews&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba) ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin) ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Author of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - letters on Greek manuscripts and Dead Sea scrolls&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Author of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the Governors&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian) ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Author of a massive &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chronicle&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) ([[Church of the East|E]]) 1250-1318 AD. - wrote list of Syriac writers&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] ([[Church of the East|E]]).  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Timothy_I&amp;diff=2404</id>
		<title>Timothy I</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Timothy_I&amp;diff=2404"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T17:54:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Links */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Timothy I, Patriarch of the Nestorians, 727/728-823&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
779-823 Patriarchate of Timothy I, greatest Nestorian patriarch under the  Arab Caliphate, during which metropolitans are appointed for Armenia and Syria  and the Kaghan of the Turks is said to have been converted.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
His letters contain much of interest for the study of the transmission of texts.  In particular he records the discovery of some ancient Hebrew psalms in the region of the Dead Sea by a goatherd.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Early presence of Christians in Tibet is well attested. Towards the end of the eighth century the Nestorian Patriarch Mar Timothy I (AD 779-823) in his letter to the monks of Mar Maron concerning the addition of the formula Crucifixus es pro nobis [Crucified for us] to the trisagion wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;quot;And also in the countries of Babylon, of Persia, and Assyria, and in all the Countries of the sun rise, that is to say, -- among the Indians, the Chinese, the Tibetans, the Turks, and in all the provinces under the jurisdiction of this patriarchal see, there is no addition of Crucifixus es pronobis.&amp;quot; (Mingana, op.cit., p. 466.) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In another of his letters, Timothy mentioned that he was about to consecrate a metropolitan for Tibet. (Lawrence Browne, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Eclipse of Christianity in Asia&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1933, p.95.) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the church grew in wealth and power, the Nestorian patriarchal office in Persia was coveted by many. There is a story about the election of Timothy I as Nestorian patriarch in the eighth century. He laid out at the disposal of his electors heavy sacks to be opened after his success, presumably full of money. Timothy won the election, and when his supporters opened the sacks they found them full of stones. He defended himself by saying, &amp;quot;The priesthood is not to be purchased for money.&amp;quot; They could not replace him by his rival since his election was already ratified by the Persian state. (Aziz S. Atiya, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A history of Eastern Christianity&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London, Methuen &amp;amp; Co. 1968, p. 272.) The church became a prey to rivalry for the patriarchal throne, and this led to prolonged vacancies. Often it was won in the end by the highest bidder.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Translation form the Syriac language to Arabic was so widespread that even the Nestorian Patriarch Timothy who was a good friend of al-Mehdi and his sons Musa, Harun and Ali is known to have translated the &amp;#039;Topics of Aristotle&amp;#039; first from the Syriac in (782-3) and later retranslating it from the Greek original with the help of the malikite Patriarch.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Timothei patriarchae I Epistulae&amp;quot;, ed. Oskar Braun, CSCO 74, 75. Louvain :Durbecq (1914/15, repr. 1953).  Syriac and Latin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Alphonse Mingana, ed. and trans. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Apology of Timothy the Patriarch before  the Caliph Mahdi&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. No. 3, Woodbrooke Studies, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library (Manchester, 1928), 137-298. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Lawrence E. Browne, &amp;quot;The Patriarch Timothy and the Caliph al-Mahdi&amp;quot; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Moslem World&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, January 1931.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Links ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mark Dickens, [http://www.oxuscom.com/Nestorian_Christianity_in_CA.pdf  Nestorian Christianity in Central Asia]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* T.V. Philip, [http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=1553 East of the Euphrates: Early Christianity in Asia ]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Lucas van Rompay, [http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol3No1/HV3N1VanRompay.html Past and Present Perceptions of Syriac Literary Tradition], Hugoye 3.1 (2000).  A lot on Timothy, and lists of editions and translations of his letters.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=%60Abdisho%60_bar_Brika&amp;diff=2403</id>
		<title>`Abdisho` bar Brika</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=%60Abdisho%60_bar_Brika&amp;diff=2403"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T13:25:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Bibliography */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;Abdisho&amp;#039; bar Brika (also known as Abdhiso bar Berikha, and in Latin as Ebed Jesu) was an East Syriac/Nestorian writer who was born around 1250 and died in 1318.  He was bishop of Sinjar(Shiggar) and Bet &amp;#039;Arbaye in 1285 (so &amp;#039;&amp;#039;BO&amp;#039;&amp;#039; i.539), and later, before 1291 (so &amp;#039;&amp;#039;BO&amp;#039;&amp;#039; i.538; iii.1,327, col.2) Metropolitan of Soba (=Nisibis) and Armenia.  He died in 1318.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He wrote in both Arabic and Syriac, and was one of the last Syriac writers.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ebed Jesu has left us a list of his own works at the end of his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogus Librorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;BO&amp;#039;&amp;#039; iii.1,325ff).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Metrical catalogue of Syriac Writers&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Composed in 1298, this gives a list of Syriac writers and what they wrote, and is of very great use, particularly for lost works by these authors. It is divided into 4 parts. (1) The Old Testament and various apocrypha (2) the New Testament (3) the Greek fathers who were translated into Syriac (4) the Syriac fathers, chiefly of the Nestorian sect, of course. The work is arranged in approximately chronological order, but just lists names and titles.  Mss.: Cod. Vat. 176; RAS. Add. 76 (imperfect); Rome, Bibl. Vitt. Eman. A. 1194, MSS Sessor. 162; Cambridge, Collection of the SPCK. Ebed Jesu also translated the work into Arabic himself in 1312, as we learn from &amp;#039;Amr ibn Matta in the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Majdal&amp;#039;&amp;#039; where large portions are quoted (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;BO.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; iii.1.360 n.4; see Cod. Vat. 65, 307, and Cod. Vat. Arab. 110 -- so Mai. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Script. Vett. Nova Coll.,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; iv -- cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;BO.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iii.1, 598). The author lists his own works, which indicates that some of them have not reached us, including:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::* a Commentary on the Old and New Testaments&lt;br /&gt;
::* a work on the Life of Christ on Earth&lt;br /&gt;
::* a work against all the Heresies&lt;br /&gt;
::* the book of the mysteries of the Greek philosphers&lt;br /&gt;
::* the twelve discourses comprising all the sciences&lt;br /&gt;
::* the ecclesiastical decisions and canons&lt;br /&gt;
::* an Arabic work entitled &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Shah-marwarid&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;King-pearl&amp;#039;&amp;#039;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::Other minor works listed in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;BO.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; iii. 1, 361 seem to be lost:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::* Consolatory discourses&lt;br /&gt;
::* Letters&lt;br /&gt;
::* Commentary on the letter of Aristotle to Alexander concerning the Great Art (Alchemy).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Nomocanon&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Collection of Synodical Canons&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, arranged by subject.  The text is analysed in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;BO.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; iii.1, 332-351.  Mai edited the text and made a Latin translation.  A printed version of a Syriac text from manuscript is currently available for purchase (see below).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ordo Iudiciorum Ecclesiasticorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: a set of rules of ecclesiastical judgements, designed as a handbook for use in church courts. A Latin translation exists of this work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Marganitha&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, or &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Pearl.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;  It is subtitled &amp;quot;The Truth of the Faith.&amp;quot;  It is a short but influential summary of East Syriac theology, and was written in 1298.  It is in five sections and treats of God, the creation, the Christian dispensation, the sacraments of the church, and the things that prefigure the world to come.  Mss include: Cod. Vat. Syr. 175-6, 456; RAS. Add. 76; Berlin Sachau 4,132; Cambridge, coll. of the SPCK. An English translation of this work exists. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Paradise of Eden&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This is a collection of 50 poems.  It was first circulated in 1291, but the author later, in 1316, added a commentary to it because the poems contained a large number of rare or obscure words. A printed version of a Syriac text from manuscript is currently available for purchase (see below).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A further collection of 22 poems, probably composed as a set, is extant in Cod. Vat. Syr. 174 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; iii.359) and Cod. Bodleian Marsh. 201 (Payne Smith, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; p. 510).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A third collection of poems, including the set of 22 plus some from the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Paradise of Eden&amp;#039;&amp;#039; is extant in Cod. Bodl. Marsh. 361. (P. Smith, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; p. 523; see also p. 531 nos 30, 31).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* In Ms. Paris. Anc. fonds 104 there is a poem explaining the ecclesiastical calendar (Zotenberg, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; p. 128).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A commentary on the enigmatic moral poem of Simeon Shankelawi, written by Ebed Jesu for his disciple Abraham.  Mss: Cod. Vat. 187 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; iii, 404); Ms. India Office No. 9, &amp;quot;Tracts in Syriac,&amp;quot; folio 204.  It has beenn published by Cardahi, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber Thesauri&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 89, incorrectly under the name of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;as-Sankalabari&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (copied from Assemani&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sancalabarensis&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, placing his death in 780; see &amp;#039;&amp;#039;BO.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; iii, 1, 225, n. 5, p. 226 n. 7; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal. Vat.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; iii. 405).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;turgame&amp;#039;&amp;#039; are collected in a Ms at Berlin, Alter Bestand 41, 4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;Abdisho bar Berika, d. 1318, Yusuf Habbi, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Fihris al-mu&amp;#039;allifin / ta&amp;#039;lif li-&amp;#039;Abd Yashu&amp;#039; al-Subawi; haqqaqahu wa-naqalahu ila al-&amp;#039;Arabiyah wa-&amp;#039;allaqa &amp;#039;alayhi Yusuf Habbi&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Baghdad?: al-Majma&amp;#039; al-&amp;#039;Ilmi al-&amp;#039;Iraqi, al-Hay&amp;#039;ah al-Suryaniyah, (1986). (Catalogus Liberorum)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Details of the Syriac text?)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mar Audisho Bar Brikha, [http://www.lulu.com/content/250023 The Concise Collection of Synodical Canons]. 444 pages. (1938). Syriac text.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mar Audisho Bar Brikha, [http://www.lulu.com/content/226174 Paradise of Eden]. (1928). 150 pp.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Assemani, Bibl. Orient. Bibliotheca Orientalis, III. 1, p. 62.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Angelo Mai, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:1 (1838), p.1-331.  Syriac text and Latin translation of the Nomocanon and the Catalogus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* J-M. Vosté (1883-1943), &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ordo iudiciorum ecclesiasticorum ... a Mar Abdiso metropolita Nisibis et Armeniae latine interpretatus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Series: Codificazione canonica orientale. Fonti, ser.2. fasc. 15-16; Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis:Rome (1940). Contents: 2. Ordo iudiciorum ecclesiasticorum. Collectus, dispositus, ordinatus et compositus a Mar Abdiso. Latine interpretatus est, notis illustravit Iacobus M. Vosté, O.P. Latin translation of the Ordo Iudiciorum Ecclesiasticorum.  There is a copy in Cambridge University Library.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* G.P.Badger, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Nestorians and their rituals&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (1852) vol. 2. Pp.361-379 contains an English translation of the Metrical Catalogue of Syriac Writers; Pp.380-422 contains a translation of Marganitha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* G. CARDAHI, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber thesauri de arte poetica Syrorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Rome (1875).  A Maronite writer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Links ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/abdisho_bar_brika_syriac_writers_01_text.htm Metrical Catalogue of Syriac Writers] - Badger&amp;#039;s English translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/abdisho_bar_brika_jewel_01_text.htm Marganitha &amp;#039;&amp;#039;or&amp;#039;&amp;#039; The Pearl]  - Badger&amp;#039;s English translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::This entry composed from details give in Brock&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A brief outline&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and Wright&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A short history&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2402</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2402"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T13:11:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]] -- a name covering more than one person&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - author of an eyewitness Chronicle of the Persian war of Anastasius.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - a pantheist&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - the translator&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - wrote to those persecuted by Jewish Arabs in Yemen&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Justinian&amp;#039;s evangelist to pagans.  Author of two histories&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran) ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona) ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Tried to introduce ideas of Chrysostom.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - A Persian monk who spent time in Cyprus&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - greatest scientist and astronomer of his day&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - covers end of Sassanid and start of Arab periods.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian) ([[Church of the East|E]]) - most influential Syrian ascetic writer in the Greek and Latin west.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh) ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - world history includes eye-witness account of Arab conquest&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - translator from Greek&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - pupil of [[Severus Sebokht]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - apologist against the Jews&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba) ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin) ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Author of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - letters on Greek manuscripts and Dead Sea scrolls&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Author of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the Governors&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian) ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Author of a massive &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chronicle&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) ([[Church of the East|E]]) 1250-1318 AD. - wrote list of Syriac writers&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] ([[Church of the East|E]]).  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2401</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2401"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T13:08:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]] -- a name covering more than one person&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - author of an eyewitness Chronicle of the Persian war of Anastasius.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - a pantheist&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - the translator&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - wrote to those persecuted by Jewish Arabs in Yemen&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Justinian&amp;#039;s evangelist to pagans.  Author of two histories&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran) ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona) ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Tried to introduce ideas of Chrysostom.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - A Persian monk who spent time in Cyprus&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - greatest scientist and astronomer of his day&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - covers end of Sassanid and start of Arab periods.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian) ([[Church of the East|E]]) - most influential Syrian ascetic writer in the Greek and Latin west.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh) ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - world history includes eye-witness account of Arab conquest&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - translator from Greek&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - pupil of [[Severus Sebokht]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - apologist against the Jews&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba) ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin) ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Author of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Author of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the Governors&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian) ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Author of a massive &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chronicle&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) ([[Church of the East|E]]) 1250-1318 AD. - wrote list of Syriac writers&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] ([[Church of the East|E]]).  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Syrian_Orthodox&amp;diff=2400</id>
		<title>Syrian Orthodox</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Syrian_Orthodox&amp;diff=2400"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T13:07:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The Syrian Orthodox church is that part of the Syriac-speaking world which rejected the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon, and so was labelled &amp;#039;&amp;#039;monophysite&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  It is also known as Jacobite, after an earlier organiser, and West Syriac.  They use the West Syriac dialect and script.  The West Syriac script is also known as Serto.  Since the Copts in Egypt took the same view of Chalcedon, there are Syriac monasteries in Egypt from which ancient manuscripts have been recovered.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2399</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2399"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T13:04:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]] -- a name covering more than one person&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - author of an eyewitness Chronicle of the Persian war of Anastasius.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - a pantheist&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - the translator&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - wrote to those persecuted by Jewish Arabs in Yemen&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Justinian&amp;#039;s evangelist to pagans.  Author of two histories&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran) ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona) ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Tried to introduce ideas of Chrysostom.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - A Persian monk who spent time in Cyprus&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - greatest scientist and astronomer of his day&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - covers end of Sassanid and start of Arab periods.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian) ([[Church of the East|E]]) - most influential Syrian ascetic writer in the Greek and Latin west.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh) ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - world history includes eye-witness account of Arab conquest&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - translator from Greek&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - pupil of [[Severus Sebokht]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - apologist against the Jews&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba) ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin) ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Author of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) - Author of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the Governors&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian) ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Author of a massive &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chronicle&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) ([[Church of the East|E]]) 1250-1318 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] ([[Church of the East|E]]).  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2398</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2398"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T12:53:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]] -- a name covering more than one person&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - author of an eyewitness Chronicle of the Persian war of Anastasius.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - a pantheist&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - the translator&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - wrote to those persecuted by Jewish Arabs in Yemen&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]]) - Justinian&amp;#039;s evangelist to pagans.  Author of two histories&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]] ([[Syrian Orthodox|W]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) ([[Church of the East|E]]) 1250-1318 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] ([[Church of the East|E]]).  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2397</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2397"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T12:49:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) ([[Church of the East|E]]) 1250-1318 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] ([[Church of the East|E]]).  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] ([[Church of the East|E]]) Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Church_of_the_East&amp;diff=2396</id>
		<title>Church of the East</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Church_of_the_East&amp;diff=2396"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T12:47:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The Church of the East is that branch of Syriac Christianity which was formerly called &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Nestorian&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and owes its existence to the condemnation of Nestorius and his followers at the Council of Ephesus in 433, and the political division of the Syriac-speaking world between the Roman and Persian empires.  Since 1994 the church has been in full communion with Rome.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An earlier attempt at union produced the uniate [[Chaldean church]] which uses the same rites but is under the authority of Rome.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Church of the East uses the East Syriac dialect and bookhand.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2395</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2395"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T12:44:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]] ([[Church of the East|E]])&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] (E) (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) (E) 1250-1318 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  (E) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] (E) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] (E).  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] (E) Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2394</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2394"/>
		<updated>2006-09-02T12:43:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] (E) (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian) (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]] (E)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]] (W)&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; (W)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) (E) 1250-1318 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  (E) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] (E) Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] (E).  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] (E) Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Catalogues_of_Syriac_manuscripts&amp;diff=2393</id>
		<title>Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Catalogues_of_Syriac_manuscripts&amp;diff=2393"/>
		<updated>2006-09-01T22:06:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;From this: http://www.byzantinecongress.org.uk/paper/III/III.1_Brock.pdf#search=%22east%20syriac%22&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Catalogues of manuscripts===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The essential guide is A. Desreumaux, Répertoire des bibliothèques et des catalogues de&lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques (Paris, 1991). It is remarkable that among the important catalogues that&lt;br /&gt;
have been published subsequently are three recently published in Baghdad (these three are&lt;br /&gt;
essentially just handlists):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ainkawa (Chaldean Archbishopric of Arbela); J. Isaac (in Arabic; Baghdad, 2005).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baghdad (Chaldean Monastery): P. Haddad and J. Isaac (in Arabic; Baghdad, 1988). [This&lt;br /&gt;
is the collection formerly of Notre Dame de Semences, Alqosh].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baghdad (Chaldean Seminary): S. Warduni and H. Hermiz, (in Arabic; Baghdad, 1998).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Baghdad (Church of the East): K. Saliwa, (in Arabic; Baghdad, 2003).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Charfet (Lebanon): B. M. B. Sony, (in Arabic; Beirut, 1993).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Damascus, Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate: a French translation of a summary handlist (with&lt;br /&gt;
a more detailed listing of a few select manuscripts) is published in Parole de l’Orient 19&lt;br /&gt;
(1994), 555-661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dublin, Trinity College: I. Bcheiry, Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in Trinity College&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dublin (Patrimoine Syriaque 5; Kaslik, 2005).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
India: (1) J. P. M. van der Ploeg, The Syriac Manuscripts of St Thomas Christians&lt;br /&gt;
(Bangalore, 1983). (2) H. Kaufhold, Syrische Handschriften juristischen Inhalts in&lt;br /&gt;
südindischen Bibliotheken (Öst.Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1989). (See also under Kottayam).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Iraq: J. Habbi and others (ed.), Catalogue of Syriac mss in Iraq, II (in Arabic; Baghdad,&lt;br /&gt;
1981) [vol. I, covering Mosul, appeared in 1977]. (See also under Ainkawa and Baghdad).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jerusalem, Greek Orthodox Patriarchate: D. A. Johnson (Longview Wa., 1987). [Without&lt;br /&gt;
awareness of the catalogues by Chabot (1894) and its derivative by Koikylides (1998)].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kottayam (St Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute): F. Briquel-Chatonnet, A.&lt;br /&gt;
Desreumaux, J. Thekeparampil, Le Muséon 110 (1997), 383-446.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manchester, John Rylands Library: J. F. Coakley, Bulletin of the John Rylands University&lt;br /&gt;
Library of Manchester 75:2 (1993), 105-207.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale: F. Briquel-Chattonet, Manuscrits syriaques [syr. 356-435] (Paris, 1997).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Qaraqosh (Irak): B. M. B. Sony (in Arabic; Baghdad, 1988).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sinai, St Catherine’s Monastery: S. P. Brock, Catalogue of Syriac Fragments (New Finds)&lt;br /&gt;
(Athens, 1995). (The catalogue of the main Syriac New Finds, by Mother Philothea of Sinai,&lt;br /&gt;
is forthcoming).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mention should also be made of the photographic publication by Mar Gregorios Y.&lt;br /&gt;
Ibrahim, in Syriac Patrimony 8-10 (1994), of a number of detailed handwritten catalogues by&lt;br /&gt;
Mar Filoksinos Yohanna Dolabany (died 1969), made early in the 20th century, covering St&lt;br /&gt;
Mark’s Monastery (Jerusalem), Deir ez Za`faran (near Mardin), and smaller collections. (It&lt;br /&gt;
should be noted that several of the Jerusalem and Mardin manuscripts are now in the Syrian&lt;br /&gt;
Orthodox Patriarchate).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
---------------------------&lt;br /&gt;
See http://cpart.byu.edu/ECRL/biblio.php&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Taken from this http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Manuscript Catalogues==&lt;br /&gt;
Alqosh: &lt;br /&gt;
:J.-M. Vosté O.P., Catalogue de la Bibliothèque syro-chaldéenne du couvent de Notre-Dame des semences près d&amp;#039;Alqoš (Iraq), Rome/Paris 1929. &lt;br /&gt;
Aqra: &lt;br /&gt;
:J.-M. Vosté O.P., &amp;#039;Catalogue des manuscrits syro-chaldéens conservés dans la Bibliothèque Épiscopale de cAqra (Iraq)&amp;#039;, Orientalia Christiana Periodica V (1939), 368-406. &lt;br /&gt;
Assfalg: &lt;br /&gt;
:Julius Assfalg, Syrische Handschriften; Syrische, Karšunische, Christlich-Palästinische, Neusyrische und Mandäische Handschriften, Wiesbaden 1963 [Verzeichnis der Orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland, Band V]. &lt;br /&gt;
BNF: &lt;br /&gt;
:Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet, Manuscrits syriaques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France (nos 356-435, entrés depuis 1911), de la bibliothèque Méjanes d&amp;#039;Aix-en-Provence, de la bibliothèque municipale de Lyon et de la Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg. Catalogue, Paris 1997. &lt;br /&gt;
Berlin: &lt;br /&gt;
:Eduard Sachau, Verzeichniss der Syrischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, Berlin 1899, 2 vols [Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, Dreiundzwantigster Band]. &lt;br /&gt;
Borgia: &lt;br /&gt;
:Addai Scher, &amp;#039;Notice sur les manuscrits syriaques du Musée Borgia aujourd&amp;#039;hui à la Bibliothèque Vaticane&amp;#039;, Journal Asiatique 13 (1909) 249-287. &lt;br /&gt;
C[ambridge] Oo/Add: &lt;br /&gt;
:William Wright, A Catalogue of the Syriac Manuscripts preserved in the Library of the University of Cambridge, 2 vols., Cambridge 1901. &lt;br /&gt;
C[ambridge] Or: &lt;br /&gt;
:A.E. Goodman, &amp;#039;The Jenks Collection of Syriac Manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge&amp;#039;, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1939: 595-96. [C-Or 1292 - 1344]. &lt;br /&gt;
Diar[bakir]: &lt;br /&gt;
:Addai Scher, &amp;#039;Notice sur les manuscrits syriaques et arabes conservés à l&amp;#039;archevêché chaldéen de Diarbékir&amp;#039;, Journal Asiatique X (1907), 331-361, 385-431. &lt;br /&gt;
L[ondon] Add/Or/Eg: &lt;br /&gt;
:William Wright, Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum, acquired since the year 1838, 3 vols, London 1870-2. &lt;br /&gt;
L[ondon] Or: &lt;br /&gt;
:G. Margouliouth, Descriptive List of Syriac and Karshuni mss. in the British Museum, acquired since 1873, London 1899 [L-Or 1240 - 5463]. Higher numbers of L-Or are not described in published sources, but a typescript list with concise title descriptions is available [L-Or 5604 to L-Or 12073]. Numbers higher than L-Or 12073 refer to the handwritten catalogues in the library. These contain acquisitions since 1959. &lt;br /&gt;
Mardin: &lt;br /&gt;
:Addai Scher, &amp;#039;Notice des mss. syriaques et arabes conservés dans la bibliothèque de l&amp;#039;évêché chaldéen de Mardin&amp;#039;, Revue des bibliothèques 18 (1908), 64-95. &lt;br /&gt;
Ming[ana]: &lt;br /&gt;
:A. Mingana, Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts, now in the possession of the Trustees of the Woodbrooke settlement, Selly Oak, Birmingham, Vol 1.: Syriac and Garshuni Manuscripts, Cambridge 1933. &lt;br /&gt;
Mosul: &lt;br /&gt;
:Addar Scher, &amp;#039;Notice sur les manuscrits syriaques conservés dans la bibliothèque du Patriarcat chaldéen de Mossoul&amp;#039;, Revue des Bibliothèques 17 (1907), 227-260. &lt;br /&gt;
Oxford: &lt;br /&gt;
:Syriac mss. in the Bodleian library, Oxford, in handwritten catalogue (Ms. Syr). &lt;br /&gt;
Paris: &lt;br /&gt;
:H. Zotenberg, Manuscrit Orientaux, Catalogues des manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale, Paris 1874. &lt;br /&gt;
Seert: &lt;br /&gt;
:Addai Scher, Catalogue des manuscrits syriaques et arabes conservés dans la bibiothèque épiscopale de Séert (Kurdistan) avec notes bibliographiques, Mossoul 1905. &lt;br /&gt;
Strasb[ourg]: &lt;br /&gt;
cf. BNF. &lt;br /&gt;
Urmia: &lt;br /&gt;
:Oshana Saru, Catalogue of the Syriac manuscripts in the Library of the Museum Association of Oroomiah College (Qodiqos d-ktabe suryaya d-gau bebliytiqi d-Collijiya d-Urmi), Oroomiah, Persia, 1898. &lt;br /&gt;
Vat[ican]: &lt;br /&gt;
:S. E Assemanus &amp;amp; and J. S. Assemanus, Bibliothecae apostolicae vaticanae codicum manuscriptorum. Catalogus in tres partes distributus. Partis Primae, Tomus secundus, complectens codices chaldaicos sive syriacos, Rome 1758, Partis Primae, Tomus tertius complectens reliquos codices chaldaicos sive syriacos, Rome 1759. &lt;br /&gt;
Vat[ican]: &lt;br /&gt;
:Arn. Van Lantschoot, Inventaire des manuscrits Syriaques des fonds Vatican (460-631), Barberini Oriental et Neofiti [Studi e testi 243], Vatican City 1965.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Catalogues_of_Syriac_manuscripts&amp;diff=2392</id>
		<title>Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Catalogues_of_Syriac_manuscripts&amp;diff=2392"/>
		<updated>2006-08-26T19:51:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;See http://cpart.byu.edu/ECRL/biblio.php&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Taken from this http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol2No2/HV2N2Murre.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Manuscript Catalogues==&lt;br /&gt;
Alqosh: &lt;br /&gt;
:J.-M. Vosté O.P., Catalogue de la Bibliothèque syro-chaldéenne du couvent de Notre-Dame des semences près d&amp;#039;Alqoš (Iraq), Rome/Paris 1929. &lt;br /&gt;
Aqra: &lt;br /&gt;
:J.-M. Vosté O.P., &amp;#039;Catalogue des manuscrits syro-chaldéens conservés dans la Bibliothèque Épiscopale de cAqra (Iraq)&amp;#039;, Orientalia Christiana Periodica V (1939), 368-406. &lt;br /&gt;
Assfalg: &lt;br /&gt;
:Julius Assfalg, Syrische Handschriften; Syrische, Karšunische, Christlich-Palästinische, Neusyrische und Mandäische Handschriften, Wiesbaden 1963 [Verzeichnis der Orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland, Band V]. &lt;br /&gt;
BNF: &lt;br /&gt;
:Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet, Manuscrits syriaques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France (nos 356-435, entrés depuis 1911), de la bibliothèque Méjanes d&amp;#039;Aix-en-Provence, de la bibliothèque municipale de Lyon et de la Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg. Catalogue, Paris 1997. &lt;br /&gt;
Berlin: &lt;br /&gt;
:Eduard Sachau, Verzeichniss der Syrischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, Berlin 1899, 2 vols [Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, Dreiundzwantigster Band]. &lt;br /&gt;
Borgia: &lt;br /&gt;
:Addai Scher, &amp;#039;Notice sur les manuscrits syriaques du Musée Borgia aujourd&amp;#039;hui à la Bibliothèque Vaticane&amp;#039;, Journal Asiatique 13 (1909) 249-287. &lt;br /&gt;
C[ambridge] Oo/Add: &lt;br /&gt;
:William Wright, A Catalogue of the Syriac Manuscripts preserved in the Library of the University of Cambridge, 2 vols., Cambridge 1901. &lt;br /&gt;
C[ambridge] Or: &lt;br /&gt;
:A.E. Goodman, &amp;#039;The Jenks Collection of Syriac Manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge&amp;#039;, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1939: 595-96. [C-Or 1292 - 1344]. &lt;br /&gt;
Diar[bakir]: &lt;br /&gt;
:Addai Scher, &amp;#039;Notice sur les manuscrits syriaques et arabes conservés à l&amp;#039;archevêché chaldéen de Diarbékir&amp;#039;, Journal Asiatique X (1907), 331-361, 385-431. &lt;br /&gt;
L[ondon] Add/Or/Eg: &lt;br /&gt;
:William Wright, Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum, acquired since the year 1838, 3 vols, London 1870-2. &lt;br /&gt;
L[ondon] Or: &lt;br /&gt;
:G. Margouliouth, Descriptive List of Syriac and Karshuni mss. in the British Museum, acquired since 1873, London 1899 [L-Or 1240 - 5463]. Higher numbers of L-Or are not described in published sources, but a typescript list with concise title descriptions is available [L-Or 5604 to L-Or 12073]. Numbers higher than L-Or 12073 refer to the handwritten catalogues in the library. These contain acquisitions since 1959. &lt;br /&gt;
Mardin: &lt;br /&gt;
:Addai Scher, &amp;#039;Notice des mss. syriaques et arabes conservés dans la bibliothèque de l&amp;#039;évêché chaldéen de Mardin&amp;#039;, Revue des bibliothèques 18 (1908), 64-95. &lt;br /&gt;
Ming[ana]: &lt;br /&gt;
:A. Mingana, Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts, now in the possession of the Trustees of the Woodbrooke settlement, Selly Oak, Birmingham, Vol 1.: Syriac and Garshuni Manuscripts, Cambridge 1933. &lt;br /&gt;
Mosul: &lt;br /&gt;
:Addar Scher, &amp;#039;Notice sur les manuscrits syriaques conservés dans la bibliothèque du Patriarcat chaldéen de Mossoul&amp;#039;, Revue des Bibliothèques 17 (1907), 227-260. &lt;br /&gt;
Oxford: &lt;br /&gt;
:Syriac mss. in the Bodleian library, Oxford, in handwritten catalogue (Ms. Syr). &lt;br /&gt;
Paris: &lt;br /&gt;
:H. Zotenberg, Manuscrit Orientaux, Catalogues des manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale, Paris 1874. &lt;br /&gt;
Seert: &lt;br /&gt;
:Addai Scher, Catalogue des manuscrits syriaques et arabes conservés dans la bibiothèque épiscopale de Séert (Kurdistan) avec notes bibliographiques, Mossoul 1905. &lt;br /&gt;
Strasb[ourg]: &lt;br /&gt;
cf. BNF. &lt;br /&gt;
Urmia: &lt;br /&gt;
:Oshana Saru, Catalogue of the Syriac manuscripts in the Library of the Museum Association of Oroomiah College (Qodiqos d-ktabe suryaya d-gau bebliytiqi d-Collijiya d-Urmi), Oroomiah, Persia, 1898. &lt;br /&gt;
Vat[ican]: &lt;br /&gt;
:S. E Assemanus &amp;amp; and J. S. Assemanus, Bibliothecae apostolicae vaticanae codicum manuscriptorum. Catalogus in tres partes distributus. Partis Primae, Tomus secundus, complectens codices chaldaicos sive syriacos, Rome 1758, Partis Primae, Tomus tertius complectens reliquos codices chaldaicos sive syriacos, Rome 1759. &lt;br /&gt;
Vat[ican]: &lt;br /&gt;
:Arn. Van Lantschoot, Inventaire des manuscrits Syriaques des fonds Vatican (460-631), Barberini Oriental et Neofiti [Studi e testi 243], Vatican City 1965.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2391</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2391"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T13:20:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] (N) (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]]&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) {East Syriac/Nestorian} 1250-1318 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  {East Syriac/Nestorian} Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] {West Syriac/Monophysite} Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] {East Syriac/Nestorian}.  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] {East Syriac/Nestorian} Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2390</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2390"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T13:19:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] (N) (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]]&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) {East Syriac/Nestorian} 1250-1318 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  {East Syriac/Nestorian} Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] {West Syriac/Monophysite} Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] {East Syriac/Nestorian}.  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] {East Syriac/Nestorian} Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2389</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2389"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T13:19:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[[[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[[[Jacob of Serugh]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] (N) (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]]&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:150%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[[[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) {East Syriac/Nestorian} 1250-1318 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  {East Syriac/Nestorian} Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] {West Syriac/Monophysite} Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] {East Syriac/Nestorian}.  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] {East Syriac/Nestorian} Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff7cb; margin: 3px 3px 0; text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2388</id>
		<title>Anonymous prose hagiography</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2388"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T13:14:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Some of the following hagiographical texts can sometimes be dated to the 5th century because they are extant in very early manuscripts.  Others are less certainly dated, but probably from this period.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Abraham of Qidun and his niece Mary ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text has been wrongly attributed to Ephrem Syrus.  An English translation exists of the portion on Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This was translated into Greek, and thence into Latin.  A 10th century nun, Hrotswitha of Gandersheim used the Latin text as a source for a play on this subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S. P. Brock and S. A. Harvey, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Holy Women of the Syrian Orient&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, (1987) pp.26-36.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of the Man of God ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
English and French translations exist of this.  The earliest form of the work was composed in Syriac.  It was translated into Greek in a re-edited and expanded form, where the hero is now named Alexis.  This longer version was subsequently translated back into Syriac, as well as into Latin.  The Latin version then was the basis of various medieval French retellings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* FT by A. Amiaud (1889)&lt;br /&gt;
* ET (from FT) by C. J. Odenkirchen (1978)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Martyrdoms of Shmona, Gurya, and Habib ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three martyrs of Edessa were executed most likely in 297 and 309.  The account of the death spread widely.  The text was composed in Syriac, and translated into Greek.  An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. C. Burkitt, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Euphemia and the Goth&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (1913)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Teaching of Addai ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text recounts the story of the correspondence between Jesus and King Abgar the Black of Edessa in a much longer form,  Eusebius of Caesarea gave the letters and the gist of the legend already in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Church History&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, book 1, ch. 13, in a Greek translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The additional material includes sermons preached in Edessa by Addai, and an early account of the Finding of the Cross (here by Protonike, wife of the emperor Claudius, rather than by Helena, mother of Constantine, as in the standard legend).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The text has much in common with the legends of Sharbel and Barsamya.  It is quite possible that the whole group of texts was composed in Edessa in the 420-430&amp;#039;s in a circle supporting [[Ibas]] against [[#Life_of_Rabbula|Rabbula]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two English translations exist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ET: G. Phillips (1876)&lt;br /&gt;
* ET: W. Howard (1981)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Martyrdoms of Sharbel and Barsamya ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These purely legendary accounts of martyrdoms in the reign of Trajan share many features with the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Teaching of Addai&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ET: W. Cureton, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ancient Syriac Documents&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (1864), pp.41-72.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Euphemia and the Goth == &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is the story of a young woman of Edessa who is forcibly married to a Gothic soldier who has been billetted in her mother&amp;#039;s house.  It is a local narrative from Edessa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. C. Burkitt, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Euphemia and the Goth&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (1913)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Shapur II ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Persian emperor Shapur II persecuted the church in the 340&amp;#039;s.  This was the most severe persecution under the Sassanids.  A considerable number of texts relating to this have come down to us, of varying date, value and reliability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The oldest ones seem to have been written in the early part of the 5th century.  These include the older of the two related &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Acts of the Catholicos Simeon bar Sabba&amp;#039;e&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the martydoms of Miles, of Pusai, of Martha (English translations exist of these) and of several other martyrs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In time, further stories were composed about these events.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S. P. Brock and S. A. Harvey, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Holy Women of the Syrian Orient&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, (1987) pp.67-81.  (ET of Martha, etc)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Yezdigerd I and Bahram V ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This persecution took place in the early 420&amp;#039;s.  There is a group of short but important accounts of martyrdoms from this period.  One of these accounts is attributed to a certain Abgar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Martyrs dealt with are: Narsai (not the poet), Tataq, Jacob the Notary, the 10 martyrs of Beth Garmai, &amp;#039;Abda, Peroz, and Mihrshabur.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The martyrdom of &amp;#039;Abda is incomplete, but there is more information about the events extant in Greek, in Theodoret, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ecclesiastical History&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Book 5, ch. 39.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Yezdgerd II ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This persecution took place in the 440&amp;#039;s, and several extensive accounts of martyrdoms have reached us.  There is a cycle of tales about Pethion, where the story takes on legendary proportions.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists of the martyrdom of Anahid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S. P. Brock and S. A. Harvey, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Holy Women of the Syrian Orient&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, (1987) pp.82-99.  ET of Anahid, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Simeon the Stylite ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This famous individual popularised leading a hermit&amp;#039;s life on top of a pillar.  His life was written shortly after his death in 459 by a monk of the monastery attached to the pillar.  Together with the short eyewitness account by Theodoret in the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Historia Religiosa&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, this is the most important source for the life of this influential pillar saint.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac life survives in at least two slightly different versions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ET: R. Doran (1992)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The &amp;quot;Julian Romance&amp;quot; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is a long piece of fiction which is bitterly hostile to Julian the Apostate (d. 363) and mainly concerned with his successor Jovian, portrayed in very eulogistic terms.  The beginning of the work is lost.  It was composed in Edessa, and probably belongs to the 5th century rather than the 6th as previous thought.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* H. Gollancz, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Julian the Apostate&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (1928).  ET.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Rabbula ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rabbula was bishop of Edessa from 411-436.  This life is a panegyric.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rabbula himself wrote in both Greek and Syriac.  Of his Syriac works, only his translation of Cyril of Alexandria, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On True Faith&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and some ecclesiastical canons survive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation of the life was in preparation by R. Doran, according to Brock&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Short Outline&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Prose homily on Abraham and Isaac ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This relates to Genesis 22.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S. P. Brock, Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 12 (1981) pp. 225-60.  Eng. Tr.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2387</id>
		<title>Anonymous prose hagiography</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2387"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T13:07:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* The Teaching of Addai */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Some of the following hagiographical texts can sometimes be dated to the 5th century because they are extant in very early manuscripts.  Others are less certainly dated, but probably from this period.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Abraham of Qidun and his niece Mary ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text has been wrongly attributed to Ephrem Syrus.  An English translation exists of the portion on Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This was translated into Greek, and thence into Latin.  A 10th century nun, Hrotswitha of Gandersheim used the Latin text as a source for a play on this subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of the Man of God ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
English and French translations exist of this.  The earliest form of the work was composed in Syriac.  It was translated into Greek in a re-edited and expanded form, where the hero is now named Alexis.  This longer version was subsequently translated back into Syriac, as well as into Latin.  The Latin version then was the basis of various medieval French retellings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Martyrdoms of Shmona, Gurya, and Habib ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three martyrs of Edessa were executed most likely in 297 and 309.  The account of the death spread widely.  The text was composed in Syriac, and translated into Greek.  An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Teaching of Addai ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text recounts the story of the correspondence between Jesus and King Abgar the Black of Edessa in a much longer form,  Eusebius of Caesarea gave the letters and the gist of the legend already in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Church History&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, book 1, ch. 13, in a Greek translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The additional material includes sermons preached in Edessa by Addai, and an early account of the Finding of the Cross (here by Protonike, wife of the emperor Claudius, rather than by Helena, mother of Constantine, as in the standard legend).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The text has much in common with the legends of Sharbel and Barsamya.  It is quite possible that the whole group of texts was composed in Edessa in the 420-430&amp;#039;s in a circle supporting [[Ibas]] against [[#Life_of_Rabbula|Rabbula]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Martyrdoms of Sharbel and Barsamya ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These purely legendary accounts of martyrdoms in the reign of Trajan share many features with the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Teaching of Addai&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Euphemia and the Goth == &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is the story of a young woman of Edessa who is forcibly married to a Gothic soldier who has been billetted in her mother&amp;#039;s house.  It is a local narrative from Edessa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Shapur II ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Persian emperor Shapur II persecuted the church in the 340&amp;#039;s.  This was the most severe persecution under the Sassanids.  A considerable number of texts relating to this have come down to us, of varying date, value and reliability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The oldest ones seem to have been written in the early part of the 5th century.  These include the older of the two related &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Acts of the Catholicos Simeon bar Sabba&amp;#039;e&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the martydoms of Miles, of Pusai, of Martha (English translations exist of these) and of several other martyrs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In time, further stories were composed about these events.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Yezdigerd I and Bahram V ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This persecution took place in the early 420&amp;#039;s.  There is a group of short but important accounts of martyrdoms from this period.  One of these accounts is attributed to a certain Abgar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Martyrs dealt with are: Narsai (not the poet), Tataq, Jacob the Notary, the 10 martyrs of Beth Garmai, &amp;#039;Abda, Peroz, and Mihrshabur.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The martyrdom of &amp;#039;Abda is incomplete, but there is more information about the events extant in Greek, in Theodoret, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ecclesiastical History&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Book 5, ch. 39.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Yezdgerd II ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This persecution took place in the 440&amp;#039;s, and several extensive accounts of martyrdoms have reached us.  There is a cycle of tales about Pethion, where the story takes on legendary proportions.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists of the martyrdom of Anahid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Simeon the Stylite ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This famous individual popularised leading a hermit&amp;#039;s life on top of a pillar.  His life was written shortly after his death in 459 by a monk of the monastery attached to the pillar.  Together with the short eyewitness account by Theodoret in the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Historia Religiosa&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, this is the most important source for the life of this influential pillar saint.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac life survives in at least two slightly different versions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The &amp;quot;Julian Romance&amp;quot; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is a long piece of fiction which is bitterly hostile to Julian the Apostate (d. 363) and mainly concerned with his successor Jovian, portrayed in very eulogistic terms.  The beginning of the work is lost.  It was composed in Edessa, and probably belongs to the 5th century rather than the 6th as previous thought.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Rabbula ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rabbula was bishop of Edessa from 411-436.  This life is a panegyric.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rabbula himself wrote in both Greek and Syriac.  Of his Syriac works, only his translation of Cyril of Alexandria, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On True Faith&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and some ecclesiastical canons survive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation of the life was in preparation in Brock&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Short Outline&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Prose homily on Abraham and Isaac ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This relates to Genesis 22.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2386</id>
		<title>Anonymous prose hagiography</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2386"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T13:06:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Yezdigerd I and Bahram V */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Some of the following hagiographical texts can sometimes be dated to the 5th century because they are extant in very early manuscripts.  Others are less certainly dated, but probably from this period.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Abraham of Qidun and his niece Mary ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text has been wrongly attributed to Ephrem Syrus.  An English translation exists of the portion on Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This was translated into Greek, and thence into Latin.  A 10th century nun, Hrotswitha of Gandersheim used the Latin text as a source for a play on this subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of the Man of God ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
English and French translations exist of this.  The earliest form of the work was composed in Syriac.  It was translated into Greek in a re-edited and expanded form, where the hero is now named Alexis.  This longer version was subsequently translated back into Syriac, as well as into Latin.  The Latin version then was the basis of various medieval French retellings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Martyrdoms of Shmona, Gurya, and Habib ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three martyrs of Edessa were executed most likely in 297 and 309.  The account of the death spread widely.  The text was composed in Syriac, and translated into Greek.  An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Teaching of Addai ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text recounts the story of the correspondence between Jesus and King Abgar the Black of Edessa in a much longer form,  Eusebius of Caesarea gave the letters and the gist of the legend already in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Church History&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, book 1, ch. 13, in a Greek translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The additional material includes sermons preached in Edessa by Addai, and an early account of the Finding of the Cross (here by Protonike, wife of the emperor Claudius, rather than by Helena, mother of Constantine, as in the standard legend).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The text has much in common with the legends of Sharbel and Barsamya.  It is quite possible that the whole group of texts was composed in Edessa in the 420-430&amp;#039;s in a circle supporting [[Ibas]] against [[Rabbula]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Martyrdoms of Sharbel and Barsamya ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These purely legendary accounts of martyrdoms in the reign of Trajan share many features with the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Teaching of Addai&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Euphemia and the Goth == &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is the story of a young woman of Edessa who is forcibly married to a Gothic soldier who has been billetted in her mother&amp;#039;s house.  It is a local narrative from Edessa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Shapur II ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Persian emperor Shapur II persecuted the church in the 340&amp;#039;s.  This was the most severe persecution under the Sassanids.  A considerable number of texts relating to this have come down to us, of varying date, value and reliability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The oldest ones seem to have been written in the early part of the 5th century.  These include the older of the two related &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Acts of the Catholicos Simeon bar Sabba&amp;#039;e&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the martydoms of Miles, of Pusai, of Martha (English translations exist of these) and of several other martyrs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In time, further stories were composed about these events.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Yezdigerd I and Bahram V ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This persecution took place in the early 420&amp;#039;s.  There is a group of short but important accounts of martyrdoms from this period.  One of these accounts is attributed to a certain Abgar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Martyrs dealt with are: Narsai (not the poet), Tataq, Jacob the Notary, the 10 martyrs of Beth Garmai, &amp;#039;Abda, Peroz, and Mihrshabur.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The martyrdom of &amp;#039;Abda is incomplete, but there is more information about the events extant in Greek, in Theodoret, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ecclesiastical History&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Book 5, ch. 39.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Yezdgerd II ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This persecution took place in the 440&amp;#039;s, and several extensive accounts of martyrdoms have reached us.  There is a cycle of tales about Pethion, where the story takes on legendary proportions.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists of the martyrdom of Anahid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Simeon the Stylite ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This famous individual popularised leading a hermit&amp;#039;s life on top of a pillar.  His life was written shortly after his death in 459 by a monk of the monastery attached to the pillar.  Together with the short eyewitness account by Theodoret in the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Historia Religiosa&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, this is the most important source for the life of this influential pillar saint.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac life survives in at least two slightly different versions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The &amp;quot;Julian Romance&amp;quot; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is a long piece of fiction which is bitterly hostile to Julian the Apostate (d. 363) and mainly concerned with his successor Jovian, portrayed in very eulogistic terms.  The beginning of the work is lost.  It was composed in Edessa, and probably belongs to the 5th century rather than the 6th as previous thought.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Rabbula ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rabbula was bishop of Edessa from 411-436.  This life is a panegyric.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rabbula himself wrote in both Greek and Syriac.  Of his Syriac works, only his translation of Cyril of Alexandria, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On True Faith&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and some ecclesiastical canons survive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation of the life was in preparation in Brock&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Short Outline&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Prose homily on Abraham and Isaac ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This relates to Genesis 22.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2385</id>
		<title>Anonymous prose hagiography</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2385"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T12:57:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Some of the following hagiographical texts can sometimes be dated to the 5th century because they are extant in very early manuscripts.  Others are less certainly dated, but probably from this period.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Abraham of Qidun and his niece Mary ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text has been wrongly attributed to Ephrem Syrus.  An English translation exists of the portion on Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This was translated into Greek, and thence into Latin.  A 10th century nun, Hrotswitha of Gandersheim used the Latin text as a source for a play on this subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of the Man of God ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
English and French translations exist of this.  The earliest form of the work was composed in Syriac.  It was translated into Greek in a re-edited and expanded form, where the hero is now named Alexis.  This longer version was subsequently translated back into Syriac, as well as into Latin.  The Latin version then was the basis of various medieval French retellings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Martyrdoms of Shmona, Gurya, and Habib ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three martyrs of Edessa were executed most likely in 297 and 309.  The account of the death spread widely.  The text was composed in Syriac, and translated into Greek.  An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Teaching of Addai ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text recounts the story of the correspondence between Jesus and King Abgar the Black of Edessa in a much longer form,  Eusebius of Caesarea gave the letters and the gist of the legend already in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Church History&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, book 1, ch. 13, in a Greek translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The additional material includes sermons preached in Edessa by Addai, and an early account of the Finding of the Cross (here by Protonike, wife of the emperor Claudius, rather than by Helena, mother of Constantine, as in the standard legend).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The text has much in common with the legends of Sharbel and Barsamya.  It is quite possible that the whole group of texts was composed in Edessa in the 420-430&amp;#039;s in a circle supporting [[Ibas]] against [[Rabbula]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Martyrdoms of Sharbel and Barsamya ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These purely legendary accounts of martyrdoms in the reign of Trajan share many features with the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Teaching of Addai&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Euphemia and the Goth == &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is the story of a young woman of Edessa who is forcibly married to a Gothic soldier who has been billetted in her mother&amp;#039;s house.  It is a local narrative from Edessa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Shapur II ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Persian emperor Shapur II persecuted the church in the 340&amp;#039;s.  This was the most severe persecution under the Sassanids.  A considerable number of texts relating to this have come down to us, of varying date, value and reliability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The oldest ones seem to have been written in the early part of the 5th century.  These include the older of the two related &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Acts of the Catholicos Simeon bar Sabba&amp;#039;e&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the martydoms of Miles, of Pusai, of Martha (English translations exist of these) and of several other martyrs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In time, further stories were composed about these events.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Acts of the Persian Martyrs under Yezdigerd I and Bahram V ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2384</id>
		<title>Anonymous prose hagiography</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2384"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T12:51:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Life of the Man of God */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Some of the following hagiographical texts can sometimes be dated to the 5th century because they are extant in very early manuscripts.  Others are less certainly dated, but probably from this period.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Abraham of Qidun and his niece Mary ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text has been wrongly attributed to Ephrem Syrus.  An English translation exists of the portion on Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This was translated into Greek, and thence into Latin.  A 10th century nun, Hrotswitha of Gandersheim used the Latin text as a source for a play on this subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of the Man of God ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
English and French translations exist of this.  The earliest form of the work was composed in Syriac.  It was translated into Greek in a re-edited and expanded form, where the hero is now named Alexis.  This longer version was subsequently translated back into Syriac, as well as into Latin.  The Latin version then was the basis of various medieval French retellings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Martyrdoms of Shmona, Gurya, and Habib ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three martyrs of Edessa were executed most likely in 297 and 309.  The account of the death spread widely.  The text was composed in Syriac, and translated into Greek.  An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The Teaching of Addai ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text recounts the story of the correspondence between Jesus and King Abgar the Black of Edessa in a much longer form,  Eusebius of Caesarea gave the letters and the gist of the legend already in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Church History&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, book 1, ch. 13, in a Greek translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The additional material includes sermons preached in Edessa by Addai, and an early account of the Finding of the Cross (here by Protonike, wife of the emperor Claudius, rather than by Helena, mother of Constantine, as in the standard legend).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The text has much in common with the legends of Sharbel and Barsamya.  It is quite possible that the whole group of texts was composed in Edessa in the 420-430&amp;#039;s in a circle supporting [[Ibas]] against [[Rabbula]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Martyrdoms of Sharbel and Barsamya ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These purely legendary accounts of martyrdoms in the reign of Trajan share many features with the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Teaching of Addai&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An English translation exists.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2383</id>
		<title>Anonymous prose hagiography</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Anonymous_prose_hagiography&amp;diff=2383"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T08:58:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Some of the following hagiographical texts can sometimes be dated to the 5th century because they are extant in very early manuscripts.  Others are less certainly dated, but probably from this period.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of Abraham of Qidun and his niece Mary ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This text has been wrongly attributed to Ephrem Syrus.  An English translation exists of the portion on Mary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This was translated into Greek, and thence into Latin.  A 10th century nun, Hrotswitha of Gandersheim used the Latin text as a source for a play on this subject.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life of the Man of God ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
English and French translations exist of this.  The earliest form of the work was composed in Syriac.  It was translated into Greek in a re-edited and expanded form, where the hero is now named Alexis.  This longer version was subsequently translated back into Syriac, as well as into Latin.  ...&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Symmachus&amp;diff=2382</id>
		<title>Symmachus</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Symmachus&amp;diff=2382"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T08:52:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This otherwise unknown West Syrian (monophysite) author has left an imaginative &amp;quot;Life of Abel&amp;quot; (ET).  He is probably not the same man as the Symmachus who wrote a commentary on &amp;quot;Song of Songs&amp;quot; 6:10-end, to supplement that of the Syriac translation of Gregory of Nyssa&amp;#039;s commentary on that book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S. P. Brock, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le Museon&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 87 (1974) pp.467-92.  English translation.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Symmachus&amp;diff=2381</id>
		<title>Symmachus</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Symmachus&amp;diff=2381"/>
		<updated>2006-08-23T08:51:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This otherwise unknown West Syrian (monophysite) author has left an imaginative &amp;quot;Life of Abel&amp;quot; (ET).  He is probably not the same man as the Symmachus who wrote a commentary on &amp;quot;Song of Songs&amp;quot; 6:10-end, to supplement that of the Syriac translation of Gregory of Nyssa&amp;#039;s commentary on that book.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Thomas_of_Edessa&amp;diff=2380</id>
		<title>Thomas of Edessa</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Thomas_of_Edessa&amp;diff=2380"/>
		<updated>2006-08-18T13:11:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Manuscripts of the Explanations of the Feasts of the Economy */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Thomas of Edessa lived in the early 6th century.  He was a pupil at the Nestorian theological school at Nisibis of Mar Aba, subsequently Patriarch.  He travelled to Constantinople, as he tells us himself, in order to acquire Greek learning.  Thomas&amp;#039; death is mentioned by Cosmas Indicopleustes (II.2) as a recent event in 544 AD.  Two works have survived.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A single manuscript (Ms. Seert 82, known as S) from Seert, written in the 16th century and destroyed in the sack of the Chaldaean Patriarchate in Baghdad in 1915 contains a set of 13 &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Expositions of the Feasts of the Economy&amp;#039;&amp;#039; by various authors, including Thomas of Edessa and his pupil and successor [[Cyrus of Edessa]].  A copy of this (=A) was made by the hieromonk Samuel Jamil in 1885; from this derive the other 7 copies thought to exist today.  It is possible that A was destroyed in the troubles following the US occupation of Iraq, when the Chaldaean Cathedral was bombed, but this is not certainly known.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thomas of Edessa wrote two of these explanations: on why the feasts of Christmas and Epiphany are celebrated (Nos 1 and 3 in the collection).  Cyrus indicates that Thomas was commissioned to write on all 8 feasts but died before he could complete the task; Cyrus then wrote the other 6, and further texts have been added since.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The work on Christmas was edited and translated into Latin from a handwritten copy of a copy by S.J.Carr; the work on Epiphany has never been edited, but is to be found in the same manuscript copies listed by Macomber for [[Cyrus of Edessa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Thomas (De Nat. I, p.5 line 7 of the text; p.14 of the translation), the two explanations were delivered orally by the future patriarch Mar Aba I (540-552).  Thomas probably composed them between 538-543.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is also one or more unpublished hymns in a manuscript at Diarbekir.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Manuscripts of the Explanations of the Feasts of the Economy ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two works of Thomas of Edessa are transmitted to us in the collection known as the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Explanations of the Feasts of the Economy&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (EFE).  The following are the 8 known manuscripts of the complete collection, not all of which now exist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;A&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Alqoš, Notre-Dame des Semences, Syriac Ms. 155 (1886)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;B&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Birmingham, Selly Oak Colleges Library, Mingana Syriac Ms. 195 (1928)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;D&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = St. Petersburg (Russia), Academy of Sciences, Oriental Institute, Diettrich Ms. 7 (1894)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;L&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = London, British Library, Oriental Ms. 9360A (1894)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;N&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Alqoš, Notre-Dame des Semences, Syriac Ms. 156 (1887)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;S&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Séert, Chaldean Archiepiscopal Residence, Ms. 82 (16th c.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;T&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Vatican City, Collegio Teutonico, Ms. 44 (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;W&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Washington, Catholic University of America, Hyvernat Syriac Ms. 8 (1889)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
S is the ancestor of all the mss, and was destroyed when the archiepiscopal collection was burned by the Turks in 1915 during WW1.  A was copied from it, but may have been destroyed in the bombing of the Chaldean patriarchate in Baghdad recently.  All the others are derived directly or indirectly from A.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately it seems impossible to obtain a microfilm of the Mingana mss, since these are available only through a rapacious Dutch company; and my enquiry of the British Library was ignored.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Macomber signals 4 partial copies:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A copy of the 6 treatises of Cyrus of Edessa from EFE, made by A. A. Vaschalde from W when he was a professor at CUA.  &lt;br /&gt;
* An undated letter of Rabban Gabriel Jamil of Notre-Dame des Semences to a certain deacon Pawlos (possibly Pawlos Qaša, the last professional scribe at Alqoš, whom Macomber saw still at work in 1966) is present at the start of A. It is stated in this letter that Pawlos intended to copy the 6 treatises of Cyrus, plus the one on Mart. Maryam.  The location of this Ms. is unknown.  Presumably it is a copy of A.&lt;br /&gt;
* Séert, Chaldean Archiepiscopal Residence, 109 (from Mar Ya&amp;#039;qob, 1609 AD) contained the treatise on the Rogation, but is now destroyed.&lt;br /&gt;
* Vatican Library, Syriac Ms. 521 (from Alqoš, 1931 A.D.) which contains on ff. 74-79r the third chapter of the treatise on Mart. Maryam.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
W was used by Carr for his edition of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De nativitate&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  The colophon of this, copied from A, tells us that the Chaldean Hieromonk, Samuel Jamil, discovered a copy of EFE at the monastery of Mar Ya&amp;#039;qob near Séert.  He arranged to have it copied for his own monastery, Notre-Dame des Semences, &amp;quot;on the 26th of the western (Gregorian) month of Tammuz (July) of the year 1885 A.D.&amp;quot; (Carr, p.11)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscripts of Mar Ya&amp;#039;qob were transferred to Séert, some time after 1885, and deposited in the Chaldean archiepiscopal residence, as the then Archbishop, Addai Scher, notes in his catalogue of 1905 of the mss. there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Mingana Ms. 195====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From the catalogue.  357x237mm.  184 ff.  28 lines per page.  ff.1b-25a contain &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Nativitate&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  ff.44b-64b contain &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Epiphania&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Written in an East Syrian hand in 1928.  The work is called in the catalogue &amp;quot;Book of the causes of the feasts.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other manuscripts ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Diarbekir (Amida) Ms. 36.  &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of Psalms of the blessed David.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; The psalter is preceded by 5 treatises on the Psalms by Hippolytus, Basil of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Eusebius Pamphilus, St. Athanasius, and Origen.  Then Epiphanius, a note on weights and measures.  Before each psalm is an introduction written in red by by Eusebius, Athanasius or Theodore of Mopsuestia. The margins are covered with notes indicating differences with the Hebrew and Septuagint.  After this, there are some biblical extracts; 125 hymns on festal days by Narsai, Theodore of Mopsuestia, Ephraim, John of Beth Rabban and Yazdin the interpreter; Then hymns for the days of the week composed by Abraham of Beith Rabban, Thomas of Edessa, and many others.  Then more hymns, etc.  Written in 12th century.  26 quires of 10 folios. 23-27 lines per page.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mingana Ms. 507.  327 x 224 mm.  93 ff.  26 lines per page.  Section B of this (according to the catalogue) contains &amp;quot;All the tishbhatha of the East Syrian church.&amp;quot;  On fol. 66a &amp;quot;For the night of Tuesday&amp;quot; is by Thomas of Edessa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mingana Ms. 25.  Fol.129a-b contain this same hymn.  Ms. written ca. 1550.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that this Thomas of Edessa may not necessarily be the same as the author of De Nativitate, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Online stuff ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gregory Kessel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: I&amp;#039;m interested in Syriac exegetical tradition and in the Syriac exegical and theological schools. &amp;quot;On Epiphany&amp;quot; wasn&amp;#039;t published but survives in several manuscripts (Seert 82; Notre Dame des Semences 38 (Scher) = Notre Dame des Semences 155 (Voste) = Baghdad, Chaldean Monastery Syr. 486 (Haddad - Isaac); Hyvernat Syr. 7; Diettrich 7 = Saint Petersburg, Oriental Institute 32 (Pigoulevskaya); Mingana Syr. 57; Br.Lib.Or. 9358), presumably all of which depend on the lost ms Seert 82.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:I consulted a St.Petersburg ms (I am a post-graduate student in Moscow) and found that it is a very interesting work which deserves to be published. However, it seems that it (as well as &amp;quot;On Nativity) must be studied only in the context of other works combined in the collection &amp;quot;Causes of the feasts&amp;quot;. By the way, in 1994 at Symposium Syriacum Theresia Hainthaler presented a paper on Thomas of Edessa in which she collected historical acounts concerning his activity and briefly described his christology.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Steven Ring wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Does the Saint Petersburg, Oriental Institute 32 manuscript contain the entire explanation of the epiphany without any gaps? If it does and you have no plans to study it yourself, would there be any way of obtaining a microfilm of the St Petersburg MS for a fee perhaps?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:The British library and the Mingana MSS are readily available in the UK. If you inspected the MS, I&amp;#039;d be interested to know what other works are contained in the St Petersburg MS apart from Thomas&amp;#039; explanation of the Epiphany. This information may be useful to determine if the MSS are all copied from the same source or not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Roger Pearse wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Just some notes from the CSCO intro:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:According to CSCO 355, the St. Petersburg ms (D) is a copy of Alqos, Monastery of Notre Dame des Semences, Syriac ms 155 (A), itself the only direct copy of the 16th century origin of all the other mss. A is in the Chaldaean patriarchate in Baghdad. A bad microfilm of A was used for CSCO; D was not accessible at all for the CSCO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:BL Oriental 9360A (L) was made for Wallis Budge, and is a copy of A. Birmingham Mingana Syriac ms 195 (B) was not copied directly from A, but from N, another copy of A made for the monastery of Notre-Dame des Semences (ms. 156) in the Chaldaean patriarchate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is no indication in here of more or less complete copies of On Epiphany. What we need, of course, is good photographs of A. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Does it still exist? Is there any way to communicate with the Chaldaeans and ask?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gregory replied:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:I think that the Saint Petersburg manuscript contains the entire text of &amp;quot;On Epiphany&amp;quot;. The contents of the manuscript exactly corresponds to other manuscripts (for instance, it can be easily found in the catalogue of Mingana: A.Mingana, Catalogue of the Mingana Collections of Manuscripts.Vol.1. Cambridge: W.Heffer and Sons, Limited. Col. 424-428).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:One remark, if I may. It seems to me that if someone would like to work on the edition and study of &amp;quot;On Epiphany&amp;quot;, one definitely has to search for other manuscripts with &amp;quot;The Causes of Feast&amp;quot; and not to limit oneself with the list of manuscripts supplied by Macomber. Macomber was indeed a great expert in Syriac manuscripts and its locations, but it&amp;#039;s been a long time since 1974: some collections became available, some collections were transferd to another places, new catalogues published...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:The ms Notre Dame des Semences 155 exists. As I wrote earlier it is in the library of the Chaldean Monastery and has a number 486 (see the catalogue description: B. Haddad, J. Isaac, Makhtutat al-Suryaniyah wa-al-Arabiyah fi Khizanat al-Rahbaniyah al-Kaldaniyah fi Baghdad. Baghdad: al-Majma al-Ilmi al-Iraqi, 1988 (Faharis al-Makhtutat al-Suryaniyah fi al-Iraq, vol.3, pt.1). P. 207-208.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is a possibility to order a copy, but first write an e-mail to the Manuscript Department of the Oriental Institute: mssdep@....&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:When I was inspecting the manuscript I copied out titles of the chapters into which the treaty is devided.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Here they are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Steven Ring translated them:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here are those eleven Syriac titles in English. A few of them are a&lt;br /&gt;
little obtuse in Syriac and so, where needed, I have provided little&lt;br /&gt;
paraphrases and my own explanations to clarify the meanings. I&lt;br /&gt;
noticed a few typos in the Syriac text and I corrected these in the&lt;br /&gt;
translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter one: To him who requested from him that he will make it with letters.&amp;quot; (I.E &amp;#039;to put it in writing&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter two: That these are chapters of it&amp;#039;s causes.&amp;quot; (i.e. &amp;#039;chapters of their explanations&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter three: That why we name this festival &amp;#039;Denha&amp;#039; &amp;quot; (NB &amp;#039;Denha&amp;#039; is Syriac for &amp;#039;he arose&amp;#039; and it is the Syriac word for the festival of the baptism of Yeshu`a Meshiha usually translated &amp;#039;Epiphany&amp;#039;. Even though in the western churches epiphany is the festival associated with the visit of the Magushe or Magi, in the Syriac churches the epiphany is a celebration of His Baptism.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter four: The reason that thirty years passed from the time of his nativity until our Saviour-Meshiha&amp;#039;s baptism.&amp;quot; (NB: In the Old Syriac gospel text that Thomas knew it was written in Lk3v23 &amp;#039;and Yeshu`a was thirty years old&amp;#039; not as we have it from the Greek text &amp;#039;Jesus when he began his ministry was _about_ thirty years old&amp;#039;.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter five: The reason that after twelve days we make the first [day] of this festival, that in it there is also the commencement of sermons about this&amp;quot; (NB: The stray words on the next line are in fact the end of the sixth title! I have already corrected this slip in my translation.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter six: That in this way our Lord was made manifest and by means of one whom we do not verify.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter seven: That why he was seeking the baptism of Yohanan.&amp;quot; (NB: Yohanan is John&amp;#039;s real name, so I have not Anglicised it.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter eight: The way our Lord was baptized.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter nine: That [only] from persuasion about baptism that because of this our Lord was baptized.&amp;#039; (A reference to Yohanan&amp;#039;s reluctance to baptize Yeshu`a.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter ten: The reason Yohanan baptized our Lord whilst not with his baptism he was baptized.&amp;quot; (A reference to Lk3v16 and the baptism of the Holy Spirit.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter eleven: An admonition about good leadership.&amp;quot; (NB: Leadership here could also be translated administration or management and so it could refer to the administration of the feast. Only the context would clarify this issue.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Steven Ring wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Roger, Gregory, the Mingana MS, Nativity is 24.5 folios, (49 sides ) long whereas the  is 20 folios, (40&lt;br /&gt;
sides) long, so just scale the number of  to make an estimate. If the Nativity has 9000 words, then the&lt;br /&gt;
will have about 7000 words. says that his MS was divided into 11 chapters. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Roger Pearse wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The other mss matter nothing if we get good photos of A. to Macomber, the microfilm of A was NOT really adequate, and the end he had to go and consult the ms itself at various points. the lens wasn&amp;#039;t clean, and the first 20 lines of most pages blurry, and this got worse as the microfilm went on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Portions of De Nativitate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
THOMAS OF EDESSA, ON THE NATIVITY OF OUR LORD CHRIST&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the power (virtus) of our Lord Jesus Christ, we begin to write a volume of disputations by Mar Thomas of Edessa, master of the religion of God, and Mar Kaiura his helper in the work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first [disputation] by Mar Thomas: on the carnal Nativity of our Lord Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. To the one who asked him to order that the disputation should be written down.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Which are the headings of the reasons [causae]?&lt;br /&gt;
3. Investigation of the reason why we celebrate this feast.&lt;br /&gt;
4. What blessings are given to us through our Lord Jesus Christ?&lt;br /&gt;
5. For what reason were these blessings themselves not revealed until now?&lt;br /&gt;
6. The work was in mediation of something, through which we were able to receive these blessings from God.&lt;br /&gt;
7. For what reasons did God bring forth nothing else at this time for his revelation, except a man from among us?&lt;br /&gt;
8. That our Lord Christ was not simply a man.&lt;br /&gt;
9. For what reason was our human Lord not brought forth (sumere) from earth, but from a virgin without knowledge of man?&lt;br /&gt;
10. For what reason did God ordain that our human Lord should be conceived in the spring time?&lt;br /&gt;
11. Exhortation to an upright life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
CAPUT PRIMUM. Ad illum qui rogavit ut eam [disputationem] scripto mandaret.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tuum quod unacum fratribus claris coenobii nostri mihi dedisti utile consilium, tuumque iucundum mandatum, O electe Dei, Mar Moyses Lector, diversas cogitationes in me excitarunt, et in varias considerationes me deiecerunt. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(O chosen of God, Mar Moses, Lector; you have given useful advice to me, ..., and your agreeable command, they have stirred up diverse cogitations in me, and led me into various considerations.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mihi enim mandastis ut scriptis etiam traderem illam quippe causam Nativitatis gloriosae Domini et Salvatoris nostri Christi, quam dixi post Magistrum nostrum sanctum, Mar Aba Interpretem; quod quidem tremo facere, ne.......; .......facile reputer ab iis qui cum causa et sine causa reprehendere amant; item, mandato non obtemperare timeo, no praecepti violator consiliique transgressor a viris habear qui nihil dicunt nisi intuitu religionis Dei vivi. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sed dum in his similibusque cogitationibus morabar, adiudicavi conveniens mihi esse, voluntati vestrae satisfacere, aliis quidem relinquens loqui prout velint, ne, dum timeo verba invida quae nullam apud Deum faciunt iniuriam, vobis per voluntatem bonam atque vitam perfectam Christo placentibus, murmurandi in me causam praeberem, eo quod mandato vestro non obtemperaverim. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rogans itaque auxilium precum vestrarum Christo acceptabilium, ecce incumbo ad voluntatem vestram explendam. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hoc prae omnibus peto a vobis, et ab illis qui quocumque modo in haec scripta inciderint, ne ullo modo de me falso opinemini, quod nempe accesserim dicere aut scribere, sperans me infirmum posse in hoc tractatu omnia quae sunt magistri nostri sic tradere prout ipse ea dixit. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Imo hanc solam fiduciam habeo in meis sermonibus ---- et hoc ab intima procedit persuasione ---- quod omnia mea ita relate ad magistri nostri dicta se habent, ut quis ab his ad illa ducatur tanquam ab imagine ad prototypum suum, et tanquam ab umbra ad corpus quo iacta est. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Quemadmodum insuper in loco quo sese extendunt radii solis, lucerna parva non est apta ad lucem dandam, sic etiam haec mea deperibunt, cum illa magistri nostri manifestant suarum cogitationum splendores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Faciam igitur divisionem in capita quibus tota disputatio ad maiorem utilitatem disponitur; et deinde incipiam illa dicere quae postulat ordo singularum rerum in ipsa disputatione. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sciunt enim sapientia et intellectus vestrum, quod illos, qui ambulaturi sunt per viam quotcumque milliarium quam probe non noscunt, multum adiuvat accipere signa et indicia quae sunt in via, et post hoc ambulare incipient; sic eis evenit, si animum attentum teneant, facile a signo ad signum et ab indicio ad indicium usque ad finem viae sine errore ambulare. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because, if this is so, it is manifest that it is much more necessary for those who want this oration to place so many of the ideas in their memory to first learn why there are separate chapters in this treatise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So if this happens, when they are gathered to discuss the oration, even if the written version is not ready to hand, from whence they could recall the whole oration to memory, nevertheless since they previously learned the number and title of every chapter, they will be able to consider the oration easily, even if they omit something of those bits which are in the middle of the chapters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter 10. Why God ordained that he would be conceived in the spring time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That God indeed ordained that he should be conceived in the spring, this was because at this time also God made the whole creation: for the sameness of the season taught, that it was the same [one] who created [everything] from the beginning and who now renewed [everything] through this [man] who was conceived and then, in this time was born according to an order of nature which God established then from the beginning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So we speak from the congruity and similarity of the divine works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For just as the day at this time, the length of light, wanes and diminishes down to nine hours, but night, the empire of shadows, becomes longer and extends to fifteen hours; and then the day begins, the kingdom of light, to take (hours) from night, the empire of shadows; again (just as) there are no fruits of the cereal crops (?) or the trees today among us, --- for the cereal crops [scarcely] begin to be visible, and all of the trees are losing their leaves --- in a similar way both are seen among men * * * * * * * * * the advent of our Lord, Christ; for this scattered abroad the light of the knowledge of truth from our souls. The shadows of the error of worshipping idols cling onto our thoughts, while we were deprived and naked also from all the fruits of the works of justice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Moreover our Lord and our Redeemer, Christ, came; and when he saw that we had gone astray in our reason, then he expelled from our the shadows of the worship of idols, and led us into perfect knowledge of the Holy Trinity, Father and Son and holy Spirit; he also gave to us the grace of the Spirit, through whom we were able to be born and to make the fruit of justice, acceptable to God the Creator. (?)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But also the pagans, worshippers of the elements, celebrate a great feast today every year and everywhere, for this purpose, of course, because the sun begins to overcome, and his power to increase itself more. (?)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But it was necessary for them to consider that, if it is appropriate [to celebrate] with rejoicing and celebration that day began to consume [time] from night, by the same logic the same celebrations would be appropriate when later night, the kingdom of shadows, begins to consume [time] from day, the empire of the sun.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For just as while night is prolonged, unless again it were to grow shorter, the normal life (ratio vitae = rule of the life = normal life) of men would perish; similarly also the day when it begins to become longer, unless it again were to grow shorter, there would be no permanence in this world, because without summer and winter, heat and cold, our normal life here could not subsist, because * * * * is impossible without the ascent and descent of the sun, the elongation and dimunition of the night and day, that that season could exist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So it is useful to us when the sun overcomes, and likewise to us when it in fact wanes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It would therefore be necessary for the mistaken pagans to celebrate a holiday for both changes or neither; because equal profit comes from both, this is from God, who ordained these things thus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter 11. Exhortation to upright life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Therefore the feast that they themselves were celebrating, as I said, of the sun of course who begins at this time to overcome the rule of the shadows, and will wane again.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But holy church celebrates the feast of the nativity of Christ, the sun of justice, who has begun to overcome error and Satan, and will never wane; of whom, instead, extends itself until all things visible and invisible are bound under his rule. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To whom every knee in heaven, earth and of those beneath the earth shall be bent. Just as, [therefore,] our holidays are greater and more powerful than those of the pagans and all religions, ---- for true knowledge is found only among us, ---- so in our manners, which are founded in the worship of God, it is necessary to be more honest and more pure than the rest of men, while we are equally solicitous about both: of the reading of the bible and of their interpretation, and indeed of the doctrine about the holiday and the cause of it; [but] also of the excellent and acceptable life in our Lord Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let us take care of our companions and our brothers more than ourselves, if we are altogether disciples of the Apostles who were themselves imitators of the Lord.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But see all of them were solicitous for our utility, and also used to labour day and night, in summer and in winter, on sea and land, by all ways and means, that we might be brought to the knowledge of our Lord Christ, and that we might find the good which is prepared in heaven for those who believe rightly and live rightly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They struggled with every evil, and dying handed themselves over for us, because our life in Christ was dearer to them than their own life in this world.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What do I say, in this world?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When one of them chose to separate himself from future blessings (bonis) for the benefit of all his brothers, that they might be partakers of the blessings of Christ; for he says: &amp;quot;I will pray that I myself may be anathema to Christ on behalf of my brothers and my relatives according to the flesh, who are the children of Israel.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If therefore blessed Paul requested that he himself should be condemned and almost damned for the benefit of the community, how can we not be ashamed and blush, and not fall into great fear and trembling, that we call ourselves disciples of those, when we do not imitate their life and their perfect wishes?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let us be made like the Apostles [and] doctors in all things, in as much as is possible, so that we may be with them partakers of the heavenly blessings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For as long as we ponder on their doctrine and confess their faith, if we do not have their morals, we will not arrive at the place where they themselves walk; but we shall be like the blind men whom the rays of the sun strike, but however do not delight in their radiance, because there is lacking in them the organs necessary for that action.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For in fact the upright life is the manifestation of a true faith and confirmation of a perfect discipleship, without * * * * * * * * * * nor our doctrine will be made credible to those who are outside the church, nor we, who are inside, will appear to hand over these, awed by the religion of God. (?)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let us be solicitous, therefore, in [our] behaviour and in love towards each other; and [let us be careful] lest we be the cause of evil to ourselves, and a scandal to all who see us; but let us prepare ourselves for good works, that we may become worthy [to hear] that good word which says: &amp;quot;Come, blessed of the Father, to me, take possession of the kingdom which has been prepared for you from the foundation of the world,&amp;quot; with all the just of Christ; to whom be praise, and upon us his mercy forever. Amen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The disputation on the Nativity is complete, made by Mar Thomas, doctor of Edessa. This speech may be that which he wrote On sin. Amen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S.J.Carr, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Thomae Edesseni tractatus de nativitate Domini nostri Jesu Christi.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Rome (1898). Doctoral dissertation lodged at the Catholic University of America; photocopy in the British Library. Syriac text and Latin translation.  &lt;br /&gt;
** [http://www.tertullian.org/articles/thomas_of_edessa.pdf PDF of complete thesis]&lt;br /&gt;
** [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/thesyriaclibrary/thomas_of_edessa_de_nativitate.htm Syriac text in HTML]&lt;br /&gt;
** [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/thomasedessa.html Latin translation in HTML]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Thomas_of_Edessa&amp;diff=2379</id>
		<title>Thomas of Edessa</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Thomas_of_Edessa&amp;diff=2379"/>
		<updated>2006-08-18T13:09:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Other manuscripts */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Thomas of Edessa lived in the early 6th century.  He was a pupil at the Nestorian theological school at Nisibis of Mar Aba, subsequently Patriarch.  He travelled to Constantinople, as he tells us himself, in order to acquire Greek learning.  Thomas&amp;#039; death is mentioned by Cosmas Indicopleustes (II.2) as a recent event in 544 AD.  Two works have survived.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A single manuscript (Ms. Seert 82, known as S) from Seert, written in the 16th century and destroyed in the sack of the Chaldaean Patriarchate in Baghdad in 1915 contains a set of 13 &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Expositions of the Feasts of the Economy&amp;#039;&amp;#039; by various authors, including Thomas of Edessa and his pupil and successor [[Cyrus of Edessa]].  A copy of this (=A) was made by the hieromonk Samuel Jamil in 1885; from this derive the other 7 copies thought to exist today.  It is possible that A was destroyed in the troubles following the US occupation of Iraq, when the Chaldaean Cathedral was bombed, but this is not certainly known.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thomas of Edessa wrote two of these explanations: on why the feasts of Christmas and Epiphany are celebrated (Nos 1 and 3 in the collection).  Cyrus indicates that Thomas was commissioned to write on all 8 feasts but died before he could complete the task; Cyrus then wrote the other 6, and further texts have been added since.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The work on Christmas was edited and translated into Latin from a handwritten copy of a copy by S.J.Carr; the work on Epiphany has never been edited, but is to be found in the same manuscript copies listed by Macomber for [[Cyrus of Edessa]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to Thomas (De Nat. I, p.5 line 7 of the text; p.14 of the translation), the two explanations were delivered orally by the future patriarch Mar Aba I (540-552).  Thomas probably composed them between 538-543.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is also one or more unpublished hymns in a manuscript at Diarbekir.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Manuscripts of the Explanations of the Feasts of the Economy ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The two works of Thomas of Edessa are transmitted to us in the collection known as the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Explanations of the Feasts of the Economy&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (EFE).  The following are the 8 known manuscripts of the complete collection, not all of which now exist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;A&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Alqoš, Notre-Dame des Semences, Syriac Ms. 155 (1886)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;B&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Birmingham, Selly Oak Colleges Library, Mingana Syriac Ms. 195 (1928)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;D&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = St. Petersburg (Russia), Academy of Sciences, Oriental Institute, Diettrich Ms. 7 (1894)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;L&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = London, British Library, Oriental Ms. 9360A (1894)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;N&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Alqoš, Notre-Dame des Semences, Syriac Ms. 156 (1887)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;S&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Séert, Chaldean Archiepiscopal Residence, Ms. 82 (16th c.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;T&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Vatican City, Collegio Teutonico, Ms. 44 (1897)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;W&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; = Washington, Catholic University of America, Hyvernat Syriac Ms. 8 (1889)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
S is the ancestor of all the mss, and was destroyed when the archiepiscopal collection was burned by the Turks in 1915 during WW1.  A was copied from it, but may have been destroyed in the bombing of the Chaldean patriarchate in Baghdad recently.  All the others are derived directly or indirectly from A.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately it seems impossible to obtain a microfilm of the Mingana mss, since these are available only through a rapacious Dutch company; and my enquiry of the British Library was ignored.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Macomber signals 4 partial copies:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A copy of the 6 treatises of Cyrus of Edessa from EFE, made by A. A. Vaschalde from W when he was a professor at CUA.  &lt;br /&gt;
* An undated letter of Rabban Gabriel Jamil of Notre-Dame des Semences to a certain deacon Pawlos (possibly Pawlos Qaša, the last professional scribe at Alqoš, whom Macomber saw still at work in 1966) is present at the start of A. It is stated in this letter that Pawlos intended to copy the 6 treatises of Cyrus, plus the one on Mart. Maryam.  The location of this Ms. is unknown.  Presumably it is a copy of A.&lt;br /&gt;
* Séert, Chaldean Archiepiscopal Residence, 109 (from Mar Ya&amp;#039;qob, 1609 AD) contained the treatise on the Rogation, but is now destroyed.&lt;br /&gt;
* Vatican Library, Syriac Ms. 521 (from Alqoš, 1931 A.D.) which contains on ff. 74-79r the third chapter of the treatise on Mart. Maryam.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
W was used by Carr for his edition of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De nativitate&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  The colophon of this, copied from A, tells us that the Chaldean Hieromonk, Samuel Jamil, discovered a copy of EFE at the monastery of Mar Ya&amp;#039;qob near Séert.  He arranged to have it copied for his own monastery, Notre-Dame des Semences, &amp;quot;on the 26th of the western (Gregorian) month of Tammuz (July) of the year 1885 A.D.&amp;quot; (Carr, p.11)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscripts of Mar Ya&amp;#039;qob were transferred to Séert, some time after 1885, and deposited in the Chaldean archiepiscopal residence, as the then Archbishop, Addai Scher, notes in his catalogue of 1905 of the mss. there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Other manuscripts ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Diarbekir (Amida) Ms. 36.  &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of Psalms of the blessed David.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; The psalter is preceded by 5 treatises on the Psalms by Hippolytus, Basil of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Eusebius Pamphilus, St. Athanasius, and Origen.  Then Epiphanius, a note on weights and measures.  Before each psalm is an introduction written in red by by Eusebius, Athanasius or Theodore of Mopsuestia. The margins are covered with notes indicating differences with the Hebrew and Septuagint.  After this, there are some biblical extracts; 125 hymns on festal days by Narsai, Theodore of Mopsuestia, Ephraim, John of Beth Rabban and Yazdin the interpreter; Then hymns for the days of the week composed by Abraham of Beith Rabban, Thomas of Edessa, and many others.  Then more hymns, etc.  Written in 12th century.  26 quires of 10 folios. 23-27 lines per page.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mingana Ms. 507.  327 x 224 mm.  93 ff.  26 lines per page.  Section B of this (according to the catalogue) contains &amp;quot;All the tishbhatha of the East Syrian church.&amp;quot;  On fol. 66a &amp;quot;For the night of Tuesday&amp;quot; is by Thomas of Edessa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Mingana Ms. 25.  Fol.129a-b contain this same hymn.  Ms. written ca. 1550.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that this Thomas of Edessa may not necessarily be the same as the author of De Nativitate, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Online stuff ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gregory Kessel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: I&amp;#039;m interested in Syriac exegetical tradition and in the Syriac exegical and theological schools. &amp;quot;On Epiphany&amp;quot; wasn&amp;#039;t published but survives in several manuscripts (Seert 82; Notre Dame des Semences 38 (Scher) = Notre Dame des Semences 155 (Voste) = Baghdad, Chaldean Monastery Syr. 486 (Haddad - Isaac); Hyvernat Syr. 7; Diettrich 7 = Saint Petersburg, Oriental Institute 32 (Pigoulevskaya); Mingana Syr. 57; Br.Lib.Or. 9358), presumably all of which depend on the lost ms Seert 82.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:I consulted a St.Petersburg ms (I am a post-graduate student in Moscow) and found that it is a very interesting work which deserves to be published. However, it seems that it (as well as &amp;quot;On Nativity) must be studied only in the context of other works combined in the collection &amp;quot;Causes of the feasts&amp;quot;. By the way, in 1994 at Symposium Syriacum Theresia Hainthaler presented a paper on Thomas of Edessa in which she collected historical acounts concerning his activity and briefly described his christology.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Steven Ring wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Does the Saint Petersburg, Oriental Institute 32 manuscript contain the entire explanation of the epiphany without any gaps? If it does and you have no plans to study it yourself, would there be any way of obtaining a microfilm of the St Petersburg MS for a fee perhaps?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:The British library and the Mingana MSS are readily available in the UK. If you inspected the MS, I&amp;#039;d be interested to know what other works are contained in the St Petersburg MS apart from Thomas&amp;#039; explanation of the Epiphany. This information may be useful to determine if the MSS are all copied from the same source or not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Roger Pearse wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Just some notes from the CSCO intro:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:According to CSCO 355, the St. Petersburg ms (D) is a copy of Alqos, Monastery of Notre Dame des Semences, Syriac ms 155 (A), itself the only direct copy of the 16th century origin of all the other mss. A is in the Chaldaean patriarchate in Baghdad. A bad microfilm of A was used for CSCO; D was not accessible at all for the CSCO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:BL Oriental 9360A (L) was made for Wallis Budge, and is a copy of A. Birmingham Mingana Syriac ms 195 (B) was not copied directly from A, but from N, another copy of A made for the monastery of Notre-Dame des Semences (ms. 156) in the Chaldaean patriarchate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is no indication in here of more or less complete copies of On Epiphany. What we need, of course, is good photographs of A. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Does it still exist? Is there any way to communicate with the Chaldaeans and ask?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gregory replied:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:I think that the Saint Petersburg manuscript contains the entire text of &amp;quot;On Epiphany&amp;quot;. The contents of the manuscript exactly corresponds to other manuscripts (for instance, it can be easily found in the catalogue of Mingana: A.Mingana, Catalogue of the Mingana Collections of Manuscripts.Vol.1. Cambridge: W.Heffer and Sons, Limited. Col. 424-428).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:One remark, if I may. It seems to me that if someone would like to work on the edition and study of &amp;quot;On Epiphany&amp;quot;, one definitely has to search for other manuscripts with &amp;quot;The Causes of Feast&amp;quot; and not to limit oneself with the list of manuscripts supplied by Macomber. Macomber was indeed a great expert in Syriac manuscripts and its locations, but it&amp;#039;s been a long time since 1974: some collections became available, some collections were transferd to another places, new catalogues published...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:The ms Notre Dame des Semences 155 exists. As I wrote earlier it is in the library of the Chaldean Monastery and has a number 486 (see the catalogue description: B. Haddad, J. Isaac, Makhtutat al-Suryaniyah wa-al-Arabiyah fi Khizanat al-Rahbaniyah al-Kaldaniyah fi Baghdad. Baghdad: al-Majma al-Ilmi al-Iraqi, 1988 (Faharis al-Makhtutat al-Suryaniyah fi al-Iraq, vol.3, pt.1). P. 207-208.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is a possibility to order a copy, but first write an e-mail to the Manuscript Department of the Oriental Institute: mssdep@....&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:When I was inspecting the manuscript I copied out titles of the chapters into which the treaty is devided.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Here they are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Steven Ring translated them:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here are those eleven Syriac titles in English. A few of them are a&lt;br /&gt;
little obtuse in Syriac and so, where needed, I have provided little&lt;br /&gt;
paraphrases and my own explanations to clarify the meanings. I&lt;br /&gt;
noticed a few typos in the Syriac text and I corrected these in the&lt;br /&gt;
translation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter one: To him who requested from him that he will make it with letters.&amp;quot; (I.E &amp;#039;to put it in writing&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter two: That these are chapters of it&amp;#039;s causes.&amp;quot; (i.e. &amp;#039;chapters of their explanations&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter three: That why we name this festival &amp;#039;Denha&amp;#039; &amp;quot; (NB &amp;#039;Denha&amp;#039; is Syriac for &amp;#039;he arose&amp;#039; and it is the Syriac word for the festival of the baptism of Yeshu`a Meshiha usually translated &amp;#039;Epiphany&amp;#039;. Even though in the western churches epiphany is the festival associated with the visit of the Magushe or Magi, in the Syriac churches the epiphany is a celebration of His Baptism.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter four: The reason that thirty years passed from the time of his nativity until our Saviour-Meshiha&amp;#039;s baptism.&amp;quot; (NB: In the Old Syriac gospel text that Thomas knew it was written in Lk3v23 &amp;#039;and Yeshu`a was thirty years old&amp;#039; not as we have it from the Greek text &amp;#039;Jesus when he began his ministry was _about_ thirty years old&amp;#039;.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter five: The reason that after twelve days we make the first [day] of this festival, that in it there is also the commencement of sermons about this&amp;quot; (NB: The stray words on the next line are in fact the end of the sixth title! I have already corrected this slip in my translation.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter six: That in this way our Lord was made manifest and by means of one whom we do not verify.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter seven: That why he was seeking the baptism of Yohanan.&amp;quot; (NB: Yohanan is John&amp;#039;s real name, so I have not Anglicised it.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter eight: The way our Lord was baptized.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter nine: That [only] from persuasion about baptism that because of this our Lord was baptized.&amp;#039; (A reference to Yohanan&amp;#039;s reluctance to baptize Yeshu`a.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter ten: The reason Yohanan baptized our Lord whilst not with his baptism he was baptized.&amp;quot; (A reference to Lk3v16 and the baptism of the Holy Spirit.)&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Chapter eleven: An admonition about good leadership.&amp;quot; (NB: Leadership here could also be translated administration or management and so it could refer to the administration of the feast. Only the context would clarify this issue.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Steven Ring wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Roger, Gregory, the Mingana MS, Nativity is 24.5 folios, (49 sides ) long whereas the  is 20 folios, (40&lt;br /&gt;
sides) long, so just scale the number of  to make an estimate. If the Nativity has 9000 words, then the&lt;br /&gt;
will have about 7000 words. says that his MS was divided into 11 chapters. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Roger Pearse wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The other mss matter nothing if we get good photos of A. to Macomber, the microfilm of A was NOT really adequate, and the end he had to go and consult the ms itself at various points. the lens wasn&amp;#039;t clean, and the first 20 lines of most pages blurry, and this got worse as the microfilm went on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Portions of De Nativitate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
THOMAS OF EDESSA, ON THE NATIVITY OF OUR LORD CHRIST&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the power (virtus) of our Lord Jesus Christ, we begin to write a volume of disputations by Mar Thomas of Edessa, master of the religion of God, and Mar Kaiura his helper in the work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first [disputation] by Mar Thomas: on the carnal Nativity of our Lord Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. To the one who asked him to order that the disputation should be written down.&lt;br /&gt;
2. Which are the headings of the reasons [causae]?&lt;br /&gt;
3. Investigation of the reason why we celebrate this feast.&lt;br /&gt;
4. What blessings are given to us through our Lord Jesus Christ?&lt;br /&gt;
5. For what reason were these blessings themselves not revealed until now?&lt;br /&gt;
6. The work was in mediation of something, through which we were able to receive these blessings from God.&lt;br /&gt;
7. For what reasons did God bring forth nothing else at this time for his revelation, except a man from among us?&lt;br /&gt;
8. That our Lord Christ was not simply a man.&lt;br /&gt;
9. For what reason was our human Lord not brought forth (sumere) from earth, but from a virgin without knowledge of man?&lt;br /&gt;
10. For what reason did God ordain that our human Lord should be conceived in the spring time?&lt;br /&gt;
11. Exhortation to an upright life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
CAPUT PRIMUM. Ad illum qui rogavit ut eam [disputationem] scripto mandaret.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tuum quod unacum fratribus claris coenobii nostri mihi dedisti utile consilium, tuumque iucundum mandatum, O electe Dei, Mar Moyses Lector, diversas cogitationes in me excitarunt, et in varias considerationes me deiecerunt. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(O chosen of God, Mar Moses, Lector; you have given useful advice to me, ..., and your agreeable command, they have stirred up diverse cogitations in me, and led me into various considerations.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mihi enim mandastis ut scriptis etiam traderem illam quippe causam Nativitatis gloriosae Domini et Salvatoris nostri Christi, quam dixi post Magistrum nostrum sanctum, Mar Aba Interpretem; quod quidem tremo facere, ne.......; .......facile reputer ab iis qui cum causa et sine causa reprehendere amant; item, mandato non obtemperare timeo, no praecepti violator consiliique transgressor a viris habear qui nihil dicunt nisi intuitu religionis Dei vivi. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sed dum in his similibusque cogitationibus morabar, adiudicavi conveniens mihi esse, voluntati vestrae satisfacere, aliis quidem relinquens loqui prout velint, ne, dum timeo verba invida quae nullam apud Deum faciunt iniuriam, vobis per voluntatem bonam atque vitam perfectam Christo placentibus, murmurandi in me causam praeberem, eo quod mandato vestro non obtemperaverim. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rogans itaque auxilium precum vestrarum Christo acceptabilium, ecce incumbo ad voluntatem vestram explendam. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hoc prae omnibus peto a vobis, et ab illis qui quocumque modo in haec scripta inciderint, ne ullo modo de me falso opinemini, quod nempe accesserim dicere aut scribere, sperans me infirmum posse in hoc tractatu omnia quae sunt magistri nostri sic tradere prout ipse ea dixit. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Imo hanc solam fiduciam habeo in meis sermonibus ---- et hoc ab intima procedit persuasione ---- quod omnia mea ita relate ad magistri nostri dicta se habent, ut quis ab his ad illa ducatur tanquam ab imagine ad prototypum suum, et tanquam ab umbra ad corpus quo iacta est. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Quemadmodum insuper in loco quo sese extendunt radii solis, lucerna parva non est apta ad lucem dandam, sic etiam haec mea deperibunt, cum illa magistri nostri manifestant suarum cogitationum splendores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Faciam igitur divisionem in capita quibus tota disputatio ad maiorem utilitatem disponitur; et deinde incipiam illa dicere quae postulat ordo singularum rerum in ipsa disputatione. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sciunt enim sapientia et intellectus vestrum, quod illos, qui ambulaturi sunt per viam quotcumque milliarium quam probe non noscunt, multum adiuvat accipere signa et indicia quae sunt in via, et post hoc ambulare incipient; sic eis evenit, si animum attentum teneant, facile a signo ad signum et ab indicio ad indicium usque ad finem viae sine errore ambulare. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because, if this is so, it is manifest that it is much more necessary for those who want this oration to place so many of the ideas in their memory to first learn why there are separate chapters in this treatise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So if this happens, when they are gathered to discuss the oration, even if the written version is not ready to hand, from whence they could recall the whole oration to memory, nevertheless since they previously learned the number and title of every chapter, they will be able to consider the oration easily, even if they omit something of those bits which are in the middle of the chapters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter 10. Why God ordained that he would be conceived in the spring time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That God indeed ordained that he should be conceived in the spring, this was because at this time also God made the whole creation: for the sameness of the season taught, that it was the same [one] who created [everything] from the beginning and who now renewed [everything] through this [man] who was conceived and then, in this time was born according to an order of nature which God established then from the beginning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So we speak from the congruity and similarity of the divine works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For just as the day at this time, the length of light, wanes and diminishes down to nine hours, but night, the empire of shadows, becomes longer and extends to fifteen hours; and then the day begins, the kingdom of light, to take (hours) from night, the empire of shadows; again (just as) there are no fruits of the cereal crops (?) or the trees today among us, --- for the cereal crops [scarcely] begin to be visible, and all of the trees are losing their leaves --- in a similar way both are seen among men * * * * * * * * * the advent of our Lord, Christ; for this scattered abroad the light of the knowledge of truth from our souls. The shadows of the error of worshipping idols cling onto our thoughts, while we were deprived and naked also from all the fruits of the works of justice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Moreover our Lord and our Redeemer, Christ, came; and when he saw that we had gone astray in our reason, then he expelled from our the shadows of the worship of idols, and led us into perfect knowledge of the Holy Trinity, Father and Son and holy Spirit; he also gave to us the grace of the Spirit, through whom we were able to be born and to make the fruit of justice, acceptable to God the Creator. (?)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But also the pagans, worshippers of the elements, celebrate a great feast today every year and everywhere, for this purpose, of course, because the sun begins to overcome, and his power to increase itself more. (?)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But it was necessary for them to consider that, if it is appropriate [to celebrate] with rejoicing and celebration that day began to consume [time] from night, by the same logic the same celebrations would be appropriate when later night, the kingdom of shadows, begins to consume [time] from day, the empire of the sun.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For just as while night is prolonged, unless again it were to grow shorter, the normal life (ratio vitae = rule of the life = normal life) of men would perish; similarly also the day when it begins to become longer, unless it again were to grow shorter, there would be no permanence in this world, because without summer and winter, heat and cold, our normal life here could not subsist, because * * * * is impossible without the ascent and descent of the sun, the elongation and dimunition of the night and day, that that season could exist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So it is useful to us when the sun overcomes, and likewise to us when it in fact wanes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It would therefore be necessary for the mistaken pagans to celebrate a holiday for both changes or neither; because equal profit comes from both, this is from God, who ordained these things thus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter 11. Exhortation to upright life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Therefore the feast that they themselves were celebrating, as I said, of the sun of course who begins at this time to overcome the rule of the shadows, and will wane again.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But holy church celebrates the feast of the nativity of Christ, the sun of justice, who has begun to overcome error and Satan, and will never wane; of whom, instead, extends itself until all things visible and invisible are bound under his rule. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To whom every knee in heaven, earth and of those beneath the earth shall be bent. Just as, [therefore,] our holidays are greater and more powerful than those of the pagans and all religions, ---- for true knowledge is found only among us, ---- so in our manners, which are founded in the worship of God, it is necessary to be more honest and more pure than the rest of men, while we are equally solicitous about both: of the reading of the bible and of their interpretation, and indeed of the doctrine about the holiday and the cause of it; [but] also of the excellent and acceptable life in our Lord Christ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let us take care of our companions and our brothers more than ourselves, if we are altogether disciples of the Apostles who were themselves imitators of the Lord.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But see all of them were solicitous for our utility, and also used to labour day and night, in summer and in winter, on sea and land, by all ways and means, that we might be brought to the knowledge of our Lord Christ, and that we might find the good which is prepared in heaven for those who believe rightly and live rightly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
They struggled with every evil, and dying handed themselves over for us, because our life in Christ was dearer to them than their own life in this world.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What do I say, in this world?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When one of them chose to separate himself from future blessings (bonis) for the benefit of all his brothers, that they might be partakers of the blessings of Christ; for he says: &amp;quot;I will pray that I myself may be anathema to Christ on behalf of my brothers and my relatives according to the flesh, who are the children of Israel.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If therefore blessed Paul requested that he himself should be condemned and almost damned for the benefit of the community, how can we not be ashamed and blush, and not fall into great fear and trembling, that we call ourselves disciples of those, when we do not imitate their life and their perfect wishes?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let us be made like the Apostles [and] doctors in all things, in as much as is possible, so that we may be with them partakers of the heavenly blessings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For as long as we ponder on their doctrine and confess their faith, if we do not have their morals, we will not arrive at the place where they themselves walk; but we shall be like the blind men whom the rays of the sun strike, but however do not delight in their radiance, because there is lacking in them the organs necessary for that action.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For in fact the upright life is the manifestation of a true faith and confirmation of a perfect discipleship, without * * * * * * * * * * nor our doctrine will be made credible to those who are outside the church, nor we, who are inside, will appear to hand over these, awed by the religion of God. (?)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let us be solicitous, therefore, in [our] behaviour and in love towards each other; and [let us be careful] lest we be the cause of evil to ourselves, and a scandal to all who see us; but let us prepare ourselves for good works, that we may become worthy [to hear] that good word which says: &amp;quot;Come, blessed of the Father, to me, take possession of the kingdom which has been prepared for you from the foundation of the world,&amp;quot; with all the just of Christ; to whom be praise, and upon us his mercy forever. Amen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The disputation on the Nativity is complete, made by Mar Thomas, doctor of Edessa. This speech may be that which he wrote On sin. Amen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* S.J.Carr, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Thomae Edesseni tractatus de nativitate Domini nostri Jesu Christi.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Rome (1898). Doctoral dissertation lodged at the Catholic University of America; photocopy in the British Library. Syriac text and Latin translation.  &lt;br /&gt;
** [http://www.tertullian.org/articles/thomas_of_edessa.pdf PDF of complete thesis]&lt;br /&gt;
** [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/thesyriaclibrary/thomas_of_edessa_de_nativitate.htm Syriac text in HTML]&lt;br /&gt;
** [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/thomasedessa.html Latin translation in HTML]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2378</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2378"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T21:45:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Manuscripts */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Ms. Mingana 43 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Birmingham Mingana collection, Ms. 43 contains various works by various people.  The catalogue lists part G as containing Severus Sebokht, Treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Some of this information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list, the remainder comes from Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  The Ms. is 150 x 105 mm.  130 ff.  17 lines per page.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BL Online catalogue describes this manuscript vaguely: &amp;#039;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871), vol. 2, pp.1003-1008. The manuscript contains various works.  On p.1008 we find the fifth portion of it described thus:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14546===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contains sermons of Gregory Nazianzen.  Following this, as an appendix, there are extracts from &amp;quot;Severus bishop of Nisibis (?)&amp;quot; as Wright gives it:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:a) A letter to Sergius, abbot of Singar, on the 1st homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De filio&amp;quot;.  Fol. 236b-238b.&lt;br /&gt;
:b) On the homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De Spiritu Sancto&amp;quot;.  Fol. 239a-b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ms. is vellum, 10.5 x 7.125 in. containing 244 folios.  Written in Estrangelo in the 9th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14660===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wright #988, vol. 3, p.1160.  11.25 x 7.25 in., 81 leaves.  9-10th century.  This contains:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:1. The commentary of Probus on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:2. Severus Sabocht.  Treatise on Syllogisms.  Fol. 46b-54a.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:3. A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 54a-55b.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:4. Paul the Persian, Treatise on logic, addressed to king Khusrau.  Fol. 55b-67b.  Slightly imperfect.&lt;br /&gt;
:(Other works follow).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For all of these see E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1852, 4th series, t. xix, p.310, 311, 325, 326.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 17156===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wright #989, vol. 3, p.1162.  12 leaves of vellum, 10 7/8 x 7 1/4 in.  These formed part of 3 quires, but considerable lacunae after fol. 1 and 2.  Written in 2 cols, 27-30 lines per page.  9th century.  It contains works by Severus Sabocht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.  Fragments of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.  (This may not be by Severus Sabocht).  Fol. 1 and f. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.  A treatise on the Syllogisms in the Analytica (Priora) of Aristotle.  Fol. 3a.  Imperfect at the start.  Subscriptio on fol. 5b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.  A letter to Jonas, the periodeutes, explaining some points in the Ars Rhetorica of Aristotle.  Fol. 5b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.  A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 11a.  Imperfect at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the leaves are decorated with intertwined ornaments and figures of birds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2377</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2377"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T21:43:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Steven Ring wrote */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
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=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
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:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
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:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
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:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
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and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
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:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
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::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
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::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
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::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
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--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
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If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
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He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
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In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
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In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
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According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
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From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
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This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
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Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
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It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
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* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
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The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
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The BL Online catalogue describes this manuscript vaguely: &amp;#039;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871), vol. 2, pp.1003-1008. The manuscript contains various works.  On p.1008 we find the fifth portion of it described thus:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
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===British Library Ms. Additional 14546===&lt;br /&gt;
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This contains sermons of Gregory Nazianzen.  Following this, as an appendix, there are extracts from &amp;quot;Severus bishop of Nisibis (?)&amp;quot; as Wright gives it:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:a) A letter to Sergius, abbot of Singar, on the 1st homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De filio&amp;quot;.  Fol. 236b-238b.&lt;br /&gt;
:b) On the homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De Spiritu Sancto&amp;quot;.  Fol. 239a-b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ms. is vellum, 10.5 x 7.125 in. containing 244 folios.  Written in Estrangelo in the 9th century.&lt;br /&gt;
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===British Library Ms. Additional 14660===&lt;br /&gt;
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Wright #988, vol. 3, p.1160.  11.25 x 7.25 in., 81 leaves.  9-10th century.  This contains:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:1. The commentary of Probus on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:2. Severus Sabocht.  Treatise on Syllogisms.  Fol. 46b-54a.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:3. A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 54a-55b.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:4. Paul the Persian, Treatise on logic, addressed to king Khusrau.  Fol. 55b-67b.  Slightly imperfect.&lt;br /&gt;
:(Other works follow).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For all of these see E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1852, 4th series, t. xix, p.310, 311, 325, 326.&lt;br /&gt;
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===British Library Ms. Additional 17156===&lt;br /&gt;
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Wright #989, vol. 3, p.1162.  12 leaves of vellum, 10 7/8 x 7 1/4 in.  These formed part of 3 quires, but considerable lacunae after fol. 1 and 2.  Written in 2 cols, 27-30 lines per page.  9th century.  It contains works by Severus Sabocht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.  Fragments of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.  (This may not be by Severus Sabocht).  Fol. 1 and f. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.  A treatise on the Syllogisms in the Analytica (Priora) of Aristotle.  Fol. 3a.  Imperfect at the start.  Subscriptio on fol. 5b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.  A letter to Jonas, the periodeutes, explaining some points in the Ars Rhetorica of Aristotle.  Fol. 5b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.  A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 11a.  Imperfect at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the leaves are decorated with intertwined ornaments and figures of birds.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
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The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2376</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2376"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T21:42:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Manuscripts */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are some MSS I know of:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. There is a MS of his treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Mingana MS Syr 44 part G which is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BL Online catalogue describes this manuscript vaguely: &amp;#039;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871), vol. 2, pp.1003-1008. The manuscript contains various works.  On p.1008 we find the fifth portion of it described thus:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14546===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contains sermons of Gregory Nazianzen.  Following this, as an appendix, there are extracts from &amp;quot;Severus bishop of Nisibis (?)&amp;quot; as Wright gives it:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:a) A letter to Sergius, abbot of Singar, on the 1st homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De filio&amp;quot;.  Fol. 236b-238b.&lt;br /&gt;
:b) On the homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De Spiritu Sancto&amp;quot;.  Fol. 239a-b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ms. is vellum, 10.5 x 7.125 in. containing 244 folios.  Written in Estrangelo in the 9th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14660===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wright #988, vol. 3, p.1160.  11.25 x 7.25 in., 81 leaves.  9-10th century.  This contains:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:1. The commentary of Probus on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:2. Severus Sabocht.  Treatise on Syllogisms.  Fol. 46b-54a.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:3. A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 54a-55b.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:4. Paul the Persian, Treatise on logic, addressed to king Khusrau.  Fol. 55b-67b.  Slightly imperfect.&lt;br /&gt;
:(Other works follow).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For all of these see E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1852, 4th series, t. xix, p.310, 311, 325, 326.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 17156===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wright #989, vol. 3, p.1162.  12 leaves of vellum, 10 7/8 x 7 1/4 in.  These formed part of 3 quires, but considerable lacunae after fol. 1 and 2.  Written in 2 cols, 27-30 lines per page.  9th century.  It contains works by Severus Sabocht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.  Fragments of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.  (This may not be by Severus Sabocht).  Fol. 1 and f. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.  A treatise on the Syllogisms in the Analytica (Priora) of Aristotle.  Fol. 3a.  Imperfect at the start.  Subscriptio on fol. 5b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.  A letter to Jonas, the periodeutes, explaining some points in the Ars Rhetorica of Aristotle.  Fol. 5b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.  A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 11a.  Imperfect at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the leaves are decorated with intertwined ornaments and figures of birds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
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	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2375</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2375"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T21:42:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Manuscripts */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
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The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
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The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
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Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
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Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
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The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
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He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
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In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
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According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
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In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
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Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
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====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
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In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
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He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
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More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
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# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
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There are some MSS I know of:&lt;br /&gt;
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1. There is a MS of his treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Mingana MS Syr 44 part G which is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
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=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
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:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
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:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
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and&lt;br /&gt;
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: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
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::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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and&lt;br /&gt;
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:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
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and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
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:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
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::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
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::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
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::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
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:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
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::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
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::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
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::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
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--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
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Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
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--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
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For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
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If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
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He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
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In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
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In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
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According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
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: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
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[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
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:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
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:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
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From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
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This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
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Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
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It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
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* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14546===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contains sermons of Gregory Nazianzen.  Following this, as an appendix, there are extracts from &amp;quot;Severus bishop of Nisibis (?)&amp;quot; as Wright gives it:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:a) A letter to Sergius, abbot of Singar, on the 1st homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De filio&amp;quot;.  Fol. 236b-238b.&lt;br /&gt;
:b) On the homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De Spiritu Sancto&amp;quot;.  Fol. 239a-b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ms. is vellum, 10.5 x 7.125 in. containing 244 folios.  Written in Estrangelo in the 9th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BL Online catalogue describes this manuscript vaguely: &amp;#039;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871), vol. 2, pp.1003-1008. The manuscript contains various works.  On p.1008 we find the fifth portion of it described thus:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14660===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wright #988, vol. 3, p.1160.  11.25 x 7.25 in., 81 leaves.  9-10th century.  This contains:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:1. The commentary of Probus on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:2. Severus Sabocht.  Treatise on Syllogisms.  Fol. 46b-54a.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:3. A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 54a-55b.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:4. Paul the Persian, Treatise on logic, addressed to king Khusrau.  Fol. 55b-67b.  Slightly imperfect.&lt;br /&gt;
:(Other works follow).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For all of these see E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1852, 4th series, t. xix, p.310, 311, 325, 326.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 17156===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wright #989, vol. 3, p.1162.  12 leaves of vellum, 10 7/8 x 7 1/4 in.  These formed part of 3 quires, but considerable lacunae after fol. 1 and 2.  Written in 2 cols, 27-30 lines per page.  9th century.  It contains works by Severus Sabocht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.  Fragments of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.  (This may not be by Severus Sabocht).  Fol. 1 and f. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.  A treatise on the Syllogisms in the Analytica (Priora) of Aristotle.  Fol. 3a.  Imperfect at the start.  Subscriptio on fol. 5b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.  A letter to Jonas, the periodeutes, explaining some points in the Ars Rhetorica of Aristotle.  Fol. 5b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.  A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 11a.  Imperfect at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some of the leaves are decorated with intertwined ornaments and figures of birds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2374</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2374"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T21:40:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* British Library Ms. Additional 17156 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
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More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
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# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
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There are some MSS I know of:&lt;br /&gt;
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1. There is a MS of his treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Mingana MS Syr 44 part G which is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
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=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
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:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
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:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
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and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
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and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
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:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
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::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
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::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
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:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
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::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
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::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
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::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
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--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
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For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
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If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
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He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
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In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
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In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
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According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
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:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
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From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
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This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
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Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
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It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
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* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
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The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===British Library Ms. Additional 14546===&lt;br /&gt;
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This contains sermons of Gregory Nazianzen.  Following this, as an appendix, there are extracts from &amp;quot;Severus bishop of Nisibis (?)&amp;quot; as Wright gives it:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:a) A letter to Sergius, abbot of Singar, on the 1st homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De filio&amp;quot;.  Fol. 236b-238b.&lt;br /&gt;
:b) On the homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De Spiritu Sancto&amp;quot;.  Fol. 239a-b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ms. is vellum, 10.5 x 7.125 in. containing 244 folios.  Written in Estrangelo in the 9th century.&lt;br /&gt;
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===British Library Ms. Additional 17156===&lt;br /&gt;
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Wright #989, vol. 3, p.1162.  12 leaves of vellum, 10 7/8 x 7 1/4 in.  These formed part of 3 quires, but considerable lacunae after fol. 1 and 2.  Written in 2 cols, 27-30 lines per page.  9th century.  It contains works by Severus Sabocht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.  Fragments of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.  (This may not be by Severus Sabocht).  Fol. 1 and f. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.  A treatise on the Syllogisms in the Analytica (Priora) of Aristotle.  Fol. 3a.  Imperfect at the start.  Subscriptio on fol. 5b.&lt;br /&gt;
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3.  A letter to Jonas, the periodeutes, explaining some points in the Ars Rhetorica of Aristotle.  Fol. 5b.&lt;br /&gt;
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4.  A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 11a.  Imperfect at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
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Some of the leaves are decorated with intertwined ornaments and figures of birds.&lt;br /&gt;
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===British Library Ms. Additional 14660===&lt;br /&gt;
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Wright #988, vol. 3, p.1160.  11.25 x 7.25 in., 81 leaves.  9-10th century.  This contains:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:1. The commentary of Probus on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:2. Severus Sabocht.  Treatise on Syllogisms.  Fol. 46b-54a.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:3. A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 54a-55b.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:4. Paul the Persian, Treatise on logic, addressed to king Khusrau.  Fol. 55b-67b.  Slightly imperfect.&lt;br /&gt;
:(Other works follow).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For all of these see E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1852, 4th series, t. xix, p.310, 311, 325, 326.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BL Online catalogue describes this manuscript vaguely: &amp;#039;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871), vol. 2, pp.1003-1008. The manuscript contains various works.  On p.1008 we find the fifth portion of it described thus:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2373</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2373"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T21:36:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* British Library Ms. Additional 14660 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are some MSS I know of:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. There is a MS of his treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Mingana MS Syr 44 part G which is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14546===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contains sermons of Gregory Nazianzen.  Following this, as an appendix, there are extracts from &amp;quot;Severus bishop of Nisibis (?)&amp;quot; as Wright gives it:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:a) A letter to Sergius, abbot of Singar, on the 1st homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De filio&amp;quot;.  Fol. 236b-238b.&lt;br /&gt;
:b) On the homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De Spiritu Sancto&amp;quot;.  Fol. 239a-b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ms. is vellum, 10.5 x 7.125 in. containing 244 folios.  Written in Estrangelo in the 9th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 17156===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14660===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wright #988, vol. 3, p.1160.  11.25 x 7.25 in., 81 leaves.  9-10th century.  This contains:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:1. The commentary of Probus on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:2. Severus Sabocht.  Treatise on Syllogisms.  Fol. 46b-54a.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:3. A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 54a-55b.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:4. Paul the Persian, Treatise on logic, addressed to king Khusrau.  Fol. 55b-67b.  Slightly imperfect.&lt;br /&gt;
:(Other works follow).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For all of these see E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1852, 4th series, t. xix, p.310, 311, 325, 326.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BL Online catalogue describes this manuscript vaguely: &amp;#039;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871), vol. 2, pp.1003-1008. The manuscript contains various works.  On p.1008 we find the fifth portion of it described thus:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2372</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2372"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T21:35:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* British Library Ms. Additional 14660 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are some MSS I know of:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. There is a MS of his treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Mingana MS Syr 44 part G which is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14546===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contains sermons of Gregory Nazianzen.  Following this, as an appendix, there are extracts from &amp;quot;Severus bishop of Nisibis (?)&amp;quot; as Wright gives it:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:a) A letter to Sergius, abbot of Singar, on the 1st homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De filio&amp;quot;.  Fol. 236b-238b.&lt;br /&gt;
:b) On the homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De Spiritu Sancto&amp;quot;.  Fol. 239a-b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ms. is vellum, 10.5 x 7.125 in. containing 244 folios.  Written in Estrangelo in the 9th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 17156===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14660===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wright #988, vol. 3, p.1160.  11.25 x 7.25 in., 81 leaves.  9-10th century.  This contains:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:1. The commentary of Probus on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:2. Severus Sabocht.  Treatise on Syllogisms.  Fol. 46b-54a.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:3. A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Fol. 54a-55b.  Subscriptio at the end.&lt;br /&gt;
:4. Paul the Persian, Treatise on logic, addressed to king Khusrau.  Fol. 55b-67b.  Slightly imperfect.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For all of these see E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1852, 4th series, t. xix, p.310, 311, 325, 326.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BL Online catalogue describes this manuscript vaguely: &amp;#039;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871), vol. 2, pp.1003-1008. The manuscript contains various works.  On p.1008 we find the fifth portion of it described thus:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2371</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2371"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T21:31:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* British Library Ms. Additional 14538 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are some MSS I know of:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. There is a MS of his treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Mingana MS Syr 44 part G which is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14546===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This contains sermons of Gregory Nazianzen.  Following this, as an appendix, there are extracts from &amp;quot;Severus bishop of Nisibis (?)&amp;quot; as Wright gives it:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:a) A letter to Sergius, abbot of Singar, on the 1st homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De filio&amp;quot;.  Fol. 236b-238b.&lt;br /&gt;
:b) On the homily of Gregory Nazianzen, &amp;quot;De Spiritu Sancto&amp;quot;.  Fol. 239a-b.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Ms. is vellum, 10.5 x 7.125 in. containing 244 folios.  Written in Estrangelo in the 9th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 17156===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14660===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BL Online catalogue describes this manuscript vaguely: &amp;#039;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871), vol. 2, pp.1003-1008. The manuscript contains various works.  On p.1008 we find the fifth portion of it described thus:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2370</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2370"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T20:46:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* British Library Ms. Additional 14538 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are some MSS I know of:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. There is a MS of his treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Mingana MS Syr 44 part G which is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The BL Online catalogue describes this manuscript vaguely: &amp;#039;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871), vol. 2, pp.1003-1008. The manuscript contains various works.  On p.1008 we find the fifth portion of it described thus:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
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		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2369</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
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		<updated>2006-08-16T20:42:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* British Library Ms. Additional 14538 */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
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He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
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== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
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* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
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* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
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* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
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The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
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The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
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Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
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Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
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The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
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He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
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In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
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According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
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In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
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Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
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====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
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In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
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He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
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More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
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# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
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Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
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There are some MSS I know of:&lt;br /&gt;
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1. There is a MS of his treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Mingana MS Syr 44 part G which is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
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=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
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:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
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:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
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and&lt;br /&gt;
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: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
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::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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and&lt;br /&gt;
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:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
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and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
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:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
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::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
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::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
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::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
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:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
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::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
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::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
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::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
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--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
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Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
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--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
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For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
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If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
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He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
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In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
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In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
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According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
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: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
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[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
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:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
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:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
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From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
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== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
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This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains &amp;quot;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;quot; &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BLOnlineCat&amp;quot;&amp;gt;British Library Online Catalogue&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The works of Severus Sabocht occupy folios 153b- 155a.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:1.On the length of the day and night;&lt;br /&gt;
:2.whether the heaven surrounds the earth;&lt;br /&gt;
:3.habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth;&lt;br /&gt;
:4.on the measurement of the heaven and earth;&lt;br /&gt;
:5.motion of the sun and moon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These are the texts attributed to Severus, which were edited and published by Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More information is apparently available in W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871). A full description of Add.14,538 is available in vol.II, pp.1003-1008. &amp;lt;ref name=Nersessian&amp;gt;All this information about the ms. was supplied by email by Dr.Vrej Nersessian, the curator at the British Library.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; But this I have not seen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Wright&amp;#039;s catalogue, on p.1008, we find the following details.  The manuscript contains various works.  The 5th part of it is as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2368</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2368"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T20:42:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* British Library Ms. Additional 14538 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are some MSS I know of:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. There is a MS of his treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Mingana MS Syr 44 part G which is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains &amp;quot;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;quot; &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BLOnlineCat&amp;quot;&amp;gt;British Library Online Catalogue&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The works of Severus Sabocht occupy folios 153b- 155a.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:1.On the length of the day and night;&lt;br /&gt;
:2.whether the heaven surrounds the earth;&lt;br /&gt;
:3.habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth;&lt;br /&gt;
:4.on the measurement of the heaven and earth;&lt;br /&gt;
:5.motion of the sun and moon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These are the texts attributed to Severus, which were edited and published by Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More information is apparently available in W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871). A full description of Add.14,538 is available in vol.II, pp.1003-1008. &amp;lt;ref name=Nersessian&amp;gt;All this information about the ms. was supplied by email by Dr.Vrej Nersessian, the curator at the British Library.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; But this I have not seen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Wright&amp;#039;s catalogue, on p.1008, we find the following details.  The manuscript contains various works.  The 5th part of it is as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
:c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
:e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
:f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a.&lt;br /&gt;
:g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2367</id>
		<title>Severus Sebokht</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&amp;diff=2367"/>
		<updated>2006-08-16T20:41:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* British Library Ms. Additional 14538 */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the &amp;quot;Eagle&amp;#039;s nest&amp;quot;) at which Greek was studied extensively.  He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today &amp;quot;Arabic&amp;quot; numerals were coming into use.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the astrolabe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* On the constellations, against the astrologers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Extracts from the handbooks ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Le traite...&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ROC 1929 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians &amp;lt;ref name=Renan&amp;gt;E.g. E. Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;.  But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science.  The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an &amp;#039;&amp;#039;incipit&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;explicit&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers.  These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names.  Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars.  Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of this author.  Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by [[Bardesanes]] in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Book of the laws of the countries&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise.  The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology.  He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences.  The author is always called &amp;#039;of Nisibis&amp;#039; or &amp;#039;Nisibite&amp;#039;; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin.  He therefore came from Nisibis.  Despite his Persian name &amp;quot;Sebokht&amp;quot; he proclaims himself a Syrian.  However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then &amp;quot;bishop of Qenneshrin&amp;quot;.  As M. A. Baumstark has well said &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark&amp;gt;M. A. Baumstark, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte der syr. Literatur&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Bonn (1922), pp.246-7&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, he was never &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a &amp;quot;Severus, bishop, Nisibite&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;bishop of Nisibis&amp;quot;, which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his &amp;quot;protection&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark &amp;lt;ref name=Baumstark/&amp;gt; places his death in 666-7.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====His sources====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy.  He seems to have known most of Ptolemy&amp;#039;s works: the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematical Composition&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (=&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Almagest&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Manual tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and the works of astrology; the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Quadripartium&amp;#039;&amp;#039; and its epitome, the &amp;quot;book of fruit&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Wright ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|1]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; of Nisibis &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|2]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|3]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; flourished at the same time as [[Marutha]], under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|4]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and his successor John. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|5]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|6]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|7]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|8]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|9]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|10]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|11]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|12]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[#Notes|13]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Notes ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# On the Persian name &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sebokht&amp;#039;&amp;#039; see Noldeke, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, iv. 49, note 4; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Geschichte d. Perser und Araber&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 396, note 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 598, col. 1.&lt;br /&gt;
# See &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275.&lt;br /&gt;
# According to Bar-Hebraeus, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Chron. Eccles.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, i. 275 ; &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.&lt;br /&gt;
# Compare Renan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 29, 30.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 1160-63), and the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 1008.&lt;br /&gt;
# See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ined. Syr.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, pp. 127-134.&lt;br /&gt;
# Alter Bestand 37, 2 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Kurzes Verzeichniss&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 32).&lt;br /&gt;
# Same MS., 3.&lt;br /&gt;
# Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catal.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 988, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ibid.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, p. 432, col. 2.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;B.O.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ii. 463.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Material from Sebastian Brock ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy.  Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638).  He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from Hugoye-List ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Steven Ring wrote ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are some MSS I know of:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. There is a MS of his treatise on Aristotle&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Analytica Priora&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Mingana MS Syr 44 part G which is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana&amp;#039;s catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery).&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Steven Ring in a post to the Hugoye-L list.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other links:&lt;br /&gt;
He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684:&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== More info from online ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus&amp;#039;s work on Aristotelian logic (&amp;quot;Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik&amp;quot;) in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A History of Mathematical Notations&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, by Florian Cajori (1993):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::&amp;quot;The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Nau&amp;#039;s ROC article (Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and from John M. McMahon:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:For SS&amp;#039;s astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur l&amp;#039;Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau&amp;#039;s French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::SS&amp;#039;s work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité sur les &amp;#039;Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::For SS&amp;#039;s explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, &amp;quot;Notes d&amp;#039;Astronomie Syrienne,&amp;quot; Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Life and works of SS:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::F. N. Nau&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;quot; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus&amp;#039;s contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
::I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus&amp;#039;s works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- Ute Possekel wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--- joel walker wrote:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you haven&amp;#039;t done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996).  I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l&amp;#039;Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Material from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as &amp;#039;Arabic&amp;#039; numerals:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Found online: supposed to come from &amp;quot;The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims&amp;quot;, by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
According to google book search&amp;#039;s scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/McMahon.html John McMahon] writes [http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/CLA-L/2003/02/0290.php in a post to CLASSICS-L]:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian&amp;#039;s commentary on Aristotle&amp;#039;s De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ... &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, &amp;quot;From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning&amp;quot; in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: &amp;quot;The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy,&amp;quot; Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From google book search, in &amp;quot;Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ...&amp;quot; By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Handy Tables&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (see the French translation of &amp;quot;On the Constellations&amp;quot; by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Manuscripts ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Ms. Paris Syriaque 346 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.  &amp;lt;ref name=Hericher&amp;gt;This information was supplied by Laurent Héricher, Conservateur at the BNF in response to an email query.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue des &lt;br /&gt;
manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot&amp;#039;s catalogue, which can only be consulted in the &amp;quot;Salle Orientale&amp;quot; (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf.  It contains 177 f.  The first 36 folios are missing.  It is written in a fine Serto hand.  Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis.  Here is a list of contents.  (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Megale suntaxis&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in Syriac. Unpublished.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The figures of the zodiac&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. According to the author of the  catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and two chapters  : one is devoted to the 14th month (&amp;quot;consacree au 14e lune&amp;quot;), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hymns on the heavenly bodies&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;History of astronomy among the Assyrians&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* f. 171v. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
* ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Treatise on Astronomy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392.  Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346.  The folios are very damaged and practically illegible.  They have been folded in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;F. Nau, ROC 27 (1929-30), p.327&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===British Library Ms. Additional 14538===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This manuscript contains &amp;quot;Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.&amp;quot; &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;BLOnlineCat&amp;quot;&amp;gt;British Library Online Catalogue&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The works of Severus Sabocht occupy folios 153b- 155a.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:1.On the length of the day and night;&lt;br /&gt;
:2.whether the heaven surrounds the earth;&lt;br /&gt;
:3.habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth;&lt;br /&gt;
:4.on the measurement of the heaven and earth;&lt;br /&gt;
:5.motion of the sun and moon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These are the texts attributed to Severus, which were edited and published by Sachau in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More information is apparently available in W. Wright, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, London (1871). A full description of Add.14,538 is available in vol.II, pp.1003-1008. &amp;lt;ref name=Nersessian&amp;gt;All this information about the ms. was supplied by email by Dr.Vrej Nersessian, the curator at the British Library.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; But this I have not seen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Wright&amp;#039;s catalogue, on p.1008, we find the following details.  The manuscript contains various works.  The 5th part of it is as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5.  Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth.  Imperfect.  fol. 153a.  (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin.  Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere.  Imperfect.  Fol. 153b.&lt;br /&gt;
c) Severus Sabocht.  Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc.  Fol. 154a.  See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
d) Severus Sabocht.  On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them.  Imperfect.  Fol. 154b. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon.  Fol. 155a. See Sachau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Inedita Syriaca&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. (No author given by Wright).&lt;br /&gt;
f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics.  Fol. 155a.&lt;br /&gt;
g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899. &amp;lt;ref name=Feistel&amp;gt;This information comes from an email from Dr Hartmut-Ortwin Feistel of the [http://orient.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de Orientabteilung at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50 ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, &amp;lt;ref name=ScherCat&amp;gt;Addai Scher, part 1, p. 498, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 1906 Juil.-déc. (Sér. 10 / T. 8).&lt;br /&gt;
[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;amp;O=NUMM-93269 Link], under [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF34348774.htm Resource]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and gives the following details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Codex 50 has the title &amp;quot;Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories&amp;quot;.  This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Isagogue&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.&lt;br /&gt;
* The Dialectic of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Categories&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle.&lt;br /&gt;
* The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.&lt;br /&gt;
* The abbreviated commentary on the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;peri hermenias&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.&lt;br /&gt;
* A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bibliography ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Works and translations ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De Constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.  No complete text has ever been published.&lt;br /&gt;
** Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;quot;La Traité sur les `Constellations&amp;#039; Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin.&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Revue de l’Orient Chrétien&amp;#039;&amp;#039; vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100.  This is a French translation of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;De constellationibus&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms).  It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus&amp;#039; life.&lt;br /&gt;
** Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870)  1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;On the astrolabe.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; &lt;br /&gt;
** English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm Online here].  McMahon says that this is from the French.&lt;br /&gt;
** Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, &amp;quot;Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht&amp;quot;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303.  This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West.  Nau subsequently published corrections in &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* F. Nau, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Revue de l&amp;#039;Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54.  A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on &amp;#039;Indian&amp;#039; (=Arabic) numerals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals:   F. Nau, &amp;#039;La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227.   This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Secondary literature ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* David Pingree&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity&amp;quot; (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing &amp;amp; Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb).  Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy&amp;#039;s &amp;quot;Almagest&amp;quot; in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. ([http://web.lemoyne.edu/~mcmahon/BMCR-SCIANT.HTML From BMCR])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Christianity in Iraq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70.  Available from [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852446330/thetertulli0d-21 Amazon.co.uk]. &amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;StevenRing&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/oleary04.htm How Greek science passed to the Arabs]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Nau&amp;diff=2366</id>
		<title>François Nau</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Nau&amp;diff=2366"/>
		<updated>2006-08-02T13:38:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Works */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Francois Nau (d.1931) was one of the greatest French Orientalists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/n/nau_f_n.shtml BBKL article]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Littérature cosmographique syriaque inédite. Notice sur le Livre des trésors de Jacques de Bartela, évêque de Tagrit, in: JA, 9.série, 7, 1896, 286-331; &lt;br /&gt;
* Thèses présentées à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences mathématiques. 1 re thèse: Formation et extinction du clapotis. 2 e thèse: Propositions données par la Faculté, 1897; &lt;br /&gt;
* Une biographie inédite de Bardesane l&amp;#039;astrologue (154-222), tirée de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Michel le Grand, patriarche d&amp;#039;Antioche (1126-1199), 1897; &lt;br /&gt;
* Bardesane l&amp;#039;astrologue. Le Livre des lois des pays. Texte syriaque et traduction française, 1899, 19312; &lt;br /&gt;
* Opuscules maronites, in: ROC 4, 1899, 175-225. 318-353. 543-571; 5, 1900, 74-98. 293-302; &lt;br /&gt;
* Le Livre de l&amp;#039;ascension de l&amp;#039;esprit sur la forme du ciel et de la terre. Cours d&amp;#039;astronomie rédigé en 1279 par Grégoire Aboulfarag, dit Bar Hebraeus, I re partie: Texte syriaque, 1899; II e partie: Traduction française, 1900 (BEHE 121); &lt;br /&gt;
* Le texte grec des récits du moine Anastase sur les saints Pères du Sinaï, in: Or Chr 2, 1902, 58-89; &lt;br /&gt;
* Dans quelle mesure les Jacobites sont-ils monophysites ?, in: ROC 10, 1905, 113-134; &lt;br /&gt;
* Recueil de monographies. I. Histoires d&amp;#039;Açoudemmeh et de Marouta, métropolitains jacobites de Tagrit et de l&amp;#039;Orient (VIe et VIIe siècles), suivies du traité d&amp;#039;Açoudemmeh sur l&amp;#039;homme. Textes syriaques inédits publiés, traduits et annotés, in: PO 3, 1905, 1-120; &lt;br /&gt;
* Lettres choisies de Jacques d&amp;#039;Édesse, publiées et traduites, 1906; &lt;br /&gt;
* Ancienne littérature canonique syriaque, fasc. II. Les canons et les résolutions canoniques de Rabboula, Jean de Tella, Cyriaque d&amp;#039;Amid, Jacques d&amp;#039;Édesse, Georges des Arabes, Cyriaque d&amp;#039;Antioche, Jean III, Théodose d&amp;#039;Antioche et des Perses, traduits pour la première fois en français, 1906; &lt;br /&gt;
* Histoires des solitaires égyptiens (ms. Coislin 126, fol. 158 à fol. 256), in: ROC 12, 1907, 43-69. 171-189. 393-413; 13, 1908, 47-66. 266-297; 14, 1909, 357-379; 17, 1912, 204-211. 294-301; 18, 1913, 137-146; &lt;br /&gt;
* Analyse du traité écrit par Denys bar Salibi contre les Nestoriens, in: ROC 14, 1909, 298-320; &lt;br /&gt;
* Documents pour l&amp;#039;étude de la Bible. Histoire et Sagesse d&amp;#039;Açikar l&amp;#039;Assyrien (fils d&amp;#039;Anaël, neveu de Tobie). Traduction des versions syriaques avec les principales différences des versions arabe, arménienne, grecque, néo-syriaque, slave et roumaine, 1909; &lt;br /&gt;
* Saint Cyrille et Nestorius. Contribution à l&amp;#039;histoire des origines des schismes monophysite et nestorien, in: ROC 15, 1910, 365-391; 16, 1911, 1-54; &lt;br /&gt;
* Recueil de monographies. III. Les légendes syriaques d&amp;#039;Aaron de Saroug, de Maxime et Domèce, d&amp;#039;Abraham, maître de Barsôma, et de l&amp;#039;empereur Maurice. Texte syriaque édité et traduit, in: PO 5, 1910, 693-778. 804-807; &lt;br /&gt;
* Nestorius. Le Livre d&amp;#039;Héraclide de Damas, traduit en français (avec le concours du R. P. Bedjan et de M. Brière), suivi du texte grec des trois homélies de Nestorius sur les tentations de Notre-Seigneur et de trois appendices: Lettre à Cosme, présents envoyés d&amp;#039;Alexandrie, lettre de Nestorius aux habitants de Constantinople, 1910; &lt;br /&gt;
* Recueil de monographies. IV. Jean Rufus, évêque de Maïouma. Plérophories, témoignages et révélations contre le concile de Chalcédoine. Version syriaque et traduction française, in: PO 8, 1911, 1-208; &lt;br /&gt;
* Nestorius, d&amp;#039;après les sources orientales, 1911; &lt;br /&gt;
* Ancienne littérature canonique syriaque, fasc. I. La Didascalie des douze apôtres, traduite du syriaque pour la première fois. Deuxième édition revue et augmentée de la traduction de la Didachê des douze apôtres, de la Didascalie de l&amp;#039;apôtre Adaï et des empêchements de mariage (pseudo-) apostoliques, 1912 (1. Aufl. 1902); &lt;br /&gt;
* Documents pour servir à l&amp;#039;histoire de l&amp;#039;Eglise nestorienne. La seconde partie de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Barçadbešabba `Arbaïa et controverse de Théodore de Mopsueste avec les Macédoniens. Textes syriaques édités et traduits, in: PO 9, 1913, 489-677; &lt;br /&gt;
* Martyrologes et ménologes orientaux, I-XIII. Un martyrologe et douze ménologes syriaques édités et traduits, in: PO 10, 1915, 1-164; &lt;br /&gt;
* Deux textes de Bar Hébraeus sur Mahomet et le Coran, in: JA 211, 1927, 311-329; &lt;br /&gt;
* A propos d&amp;#039;un feuillet d&amp;#039;un manuscrit arabe. La mystique chez les Nestoriens. Religion et mystique chez les musulmans, in: Museon 43, 1930, 85-116. 221-262; &lt;br /&gt;
* Documents pour servir à l&amp;#039;histoire de l&amp;#039;Église nestorienne. La première partie de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Barçadbešabba `Arbaïa. Texte syriaque édité et traduit, in: PO 23, 1932, 177-343; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zahlreiche Artikel in: DB(V); DThC; DHGE u. DAFC und Rezensionen, vorallem in: ROC; vollst. Bibliographie bei: Maurice Brière, L&amp;#039;Abbé François Nau, in: JA 233, 1933, 149-180.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Nau&amp;diff=2365</id>
		<title>François Nau</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Nau&amp;diff=2365"/>
		<updated>2006-08-02T13:35:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Works */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Francois Nau (d.1931) was one of the greatest French Orientalists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/n/nau_f_n.shtml BBKL article]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Littérature cosmographique syriaque inédite. Notice sur le Livre des trésors de Jacques de Bartela, évêque de Tagrit, in: JA, 9.série, 7, 1896, 286-331; &lt;br /&gt;
* Thèses présentées à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences mathématiques. 1 re thèse: Formation et extinction du clapotis. 2 e thèse: Propositions données par la Faculté, 1897; &lt;br /&gt;
* Une biographie inédite de Bardesane l&amp;#039;astrologue (154-222), tirée de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Michel le Grand, patriarche d&amp;#039;Antioche (1126-1199), 1897; &lt;br /&gt;
* Bardesane l&amp;#039;astrologue. Le Livre des lois des pays. Texte syriaque et traduction française, 1899, 19312; &lt;br /&gt;
* Opuscules maronites, in: ROC 4, 1899, 175-225. 318-353. 543-571; 5, 1900, 74-98. 293-302; &lt;br /&gt;
* Le Livre de l&amp;#039;ascension de l&amp;#039;esprit sur la forme du ciel et de la terre. Cours d&amp;#039;astronomie rédigé en 1279 par Grégoire Aboulfarag, dit Bar Hebraeus, I re partie: Texte syriaque, 1899; II e partie: Traduction française, 1900 (BEHE 121); &lt;br /&gt;
* Le texte grec des récits du moine Anastase sur les saints Pères du Sinaï, in: Or Chr 2, 1902, 58-89; &lt;br /&gt;
* Dans quelle mesure les Jacobites sont-ils monophysites ?, in: ROC 10, 1905, 113-134; Recueil de monographies. I. Histoires d&amp;#039;Açoudemmeh et de Marouta, métropolitains jacobites de Tagrit et de l&amp;#039;Orient (VIe et VIIe siècles), suivies du traité d&amp;#039;Açoudemmeh sur l&amp;#039;homme. Textes syriaques inédits publiés, traduits et annotés, in: PO 3, 1905, 1-120; Lettres choisies de Jacques d&amp;#039;Édesse, publiées et traduites, 1906; &lt;br /&gt;
* Ancienne littérature canonique syriaque, fasc. II. Les canons et les résolutions canoniques de Rabboula, Jean de Tella, Cyriaque d&amp;#039;Amid, Jacques d&amp;#039;Édesse, Georges des Arabes, Cyriaque d&amp;#039;Antioche, Jean III, Théodose d&amp;#039;Antioche et des Perses, traduits pour la première fois en français, 1906; &lt;br /&gt;
* Histoires des solitaires égyptiens (ms. Coislin 126, fol. 158 à fol. 256), in: ROC 12, 1907, 43-69. 171-189. 393-413; 13, 1908, 47-66. 266-297; 14, 1909, 357-379; 17, 1912, 204-211. 294-301; 18, 1913, 137-146; &lt;br /&gt;
* Analyse du traité écrit par Denys bar Salibi contre les Nestoriens, in: ROC 14, 1909, 298-320; &lt;br /&gt;
* Documents pour l&amp;#039;étude de la Bible. Histoire et Sagesse d&amp;#039;Açikar l&amp;#039;Assyrien (fils d&amp;#039;Anaël, neveu de Tobie). Traduction des versions syriaques avec les principales différences des versions arabe, arménienne, grecque, néo-syriaque, slave et roumaine, 1909; Saint Cyrille et Nestorius. Contribution à l&amp;#039;histoire des origines des schismes monophysite et nestorien, in: ROC 15, 1910, 365-391; 16, 1911, 1-54; &lt;br /&gt;
* Recueil de monographies. III. Les légendes syriaques d&amp;#039;Aaron de Saroug, de Maxime et Domèce, d&amp;#039;Abraham, maître de Barsôma, et de l&amp;#039;empereur Maurice. Texte syriaque édité et traduit, in: PO 5, 1910, 693-778. 804-807; &lt;br /&gt;
* Nestorius. Le Livre d&amp;#039;Héraclide de Damas, traduit en français (avec le concours du R. P. Bedjan et de M. Brière), suivi du texte grec des trois homélies de Nestorius sur les tentations de Notre-Seigneur et de trois appendices: Lettre à Cosme, présents envoyés d&amp;#039;Alexandrie, lettre de Nestorius aux habitants de Constantinople, 1910; &lt;br /&gt;
* Recueil de monographies. IV. Jean Rufus, évêque de Maïouma. Plérophories, témoignages et révélations contre le concile de Chalcédoine. Version syriaque et traduction française, in: PO 8, 1911, 1-208; &lt;br /&gt;
* Nestorius, d&amp;#039;après les sources orientales, 1911; &lt;br /&gt;
* Ancienne littérature canonique syriaque, fasc. I. La Didascalie des douze apôtres, traduite du syriaque pour la première fois. Deuxième édition revue et augmentée de la traduction de la Didachê des douze apôtres, de la Didascalie de l&amp;#039;apôtre Adaï et des empêchements de mariage (pseudo-) apostoliques, 1912 (1. Aufl. 1902); Documents pour servir à l&amp;#039;histoire de l&amp;#039;Eglise nestorienne. La seconde partie de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Barçadbešabba `Arbaïa et controverse de Théodore de Mopsueste avec les Macédoniens. Textes syriaques édités et traduits, in: PO 9, 1913, 489-677; &lt;br /&gt;
* Martyrologes et ménologes orientaux, I-XIII. Un martyrologe et douze ménologes syriaques édités et traduits, in: PO 10, 1915, 1-164; Deux textes de Bar Hébraeus sur Mahomet et le Coran, in: JA 211, 1927, 311-329; &lt;br /&gt;
* A propos d&amp;#039;un feuillet d&amp;#039;un manuscrit arabe. La mystique chez les Nestoriens. Religion et mystique chez les musulmans, in: Museon 43, 1930, 85-116. 221-262; &lt;br /&gt;
* Documents pour servir à l&amp;#039;histoire de l&amp;#039;Église nestorienne. La première partie de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Barçadbešabba `Arbaïa. Texte syriaque édité et traduit, in: PO 23, 1932, 177-343; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Zahlreiche Artikel in: DB(V); DThC; DHGE u. DAFC und Rezensionen, vorallem in: ROC; vollst. Bibliographie bei: Maurice Brière, L&amp;#039;Abbé François Nau, in: JA 233, 1933, 149-180.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Nau&amp;diff=2364</id>
		<title>François Nau</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Nau&amp;diff=2364"/>
		<updated>2006-08-02T13:34:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Francois Nau (d.1931) was one of the greatest French Orientalists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/n/nau_f_n.shtml BBKL article]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Works ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Littérature cosmographique syriaque inédite. Notice sur le Livre des trésors de Jacques de Bartela, évêque de Tagrit, in: JA, 9.série, 7, 1896, 286-331; &lt;br /&gt;
* Thèses présentées à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences mathématiques. 1 re thèse: Formation et extinction du clapotis. 2 e thèse: Propositions données par la Faculté, 1897; &lt;br /&gt;
* Une biographie inédite de Bardesane l&amp;#039;astrologue (154-222), tirée de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Michel le Grand, patriarche d&amp;#039;Antioche (1126-1199), 1897; &lt;br /&gt;
* Bardesane l&amp;#039;astrologue. Le Livre des lois des pays. Texte syriaque et traduction française, 1899, 19312; &lt;br /&gt;
* Opuscules maronites, in: ROC 4, 1899, 175-225. 318-353. 543-571; 5, 1900, 74-98. 293-302; &lt;br /&gt;
* Le Livre de l&amp;#039;ascension de l&amp;#039;esprit sur la forme du ciel et de la terre. Cours d&amp;#039;astronomie rédigé en 1279 par Grégoire Aboulfarag, dit Bar Hebraeus, I re partie: Texte syriaque, 1899; II e partie: Traduction française, 1900 (BEHE 121); &lt;br /&gt;
* Le texte grec des récits du moine Anastase sur les saints Pères du Sinaï, in: Or Chr 2, 1902, 58-89; &lt;br /&gt;
* Dans quelle mesure les Jacobites sont-ils monophysites ?, in: ROC 10, 1905, 113-134; Recueil de monographies. I. Histoires d&amp;#039;Açoudemmeh et de Marouta, métropolitains jacobites de Tagrit et de l&amp;#039;Orient (VIe et VIIe siècles), suivies du traité d&amp;#039;Açoudemmeh sur l&amp;#039;homme. Textes syriaques inédits publiés, traduits et annotés, in: PO 3, 1905, 1-120; Lettres choisies de Jacques d&amp;#039;Édesse, publiées et traduites, 1906; &lt;br /&gt;
* Ancienne littérature canonique syriaque, fasc. II. Les canons et les résolutions canoniques de Rabboula, Jean de Tella, Cyriaque d&amp;#039;Amid, Jacques d&amp;#039;Édesse, Georges des Arabes, Cyriaque d&amp;#039;Antioche, Jean III, Théodose d&amp;#039;Antioche et des Perses, traduits pour la première fois en français, 1906; &lt;br /&gt;
* Histoires des solitaires égyptiens (ms. Coislin 126, fol. 158 à fol. 256), in: ROC 12, 1907, 43-69. 171-189. 393-413; 13, 1908, 47-66. 266-297; 14, 1909, 357-379; 17, 1912, 204-211. 294-301; 18, 1913, 137-146; &lt;br /&gt;
* Analyse du traité écrit par Denys bar Salibi contre les Nestoriens, in: ROC 14, 1909, 298-320; &lt;br /&gt;
* Documents pour l&amp;#039;étude de la Bible. Histoire et Sagesse d&amp;#039;Açikar l&amp;#039;Assyrien (fils d&amp;#039;Anaël, neveu de Tobie). Traduction des versions syriaques avec les principales différences des versions arabe, arménienne, grecque, néo-syriaque, slave et roumaine, 1909; Saint Cyrille et Nestorius. Contribution à l&amp;#039;histoire des origines des schismes monophysite et nestorien, in: ROC 15, 1910, 365-391; 16, 1911, 1-54; &lt;br /&gt;
* Recueil de monographies. III. Les légendes syriaques d&amp;#039;Aaron de Saroug, de Maxime et Domèce, d&amp;#039;Abraham, maître de Barsôma, et de l&amp;#039;empereur Maurice. Texte syriaque édité et traduit, in: PO 5, 1910, 693-778. 804-807; Nestorius. Le Livre d&amp;#039;Héraclide de Damas, traduit en français (avec le concours du R. P. Bedjan et de M. Brière), suivi du texte grec des trois homélies de Nestorius sur les tentations de Notre-Seigneur et de trois appendices: Lettre à Cosme, présents envoyés d&amp;#039;Alexandrie, lettre de Nestorius aux habitants de Constantinople, 1910; Recueil de monographies. IV. Jean Rufus, évêque de Maïouma. Plérophories, témoignages et révélations contre le concile de Chalcédoine. Version syriaque et traduction française, in: PO 8, 1911, 1-208; Nestorius, d&amp;#039;après les sources orientales, 1911; Ancienne littérature canonique syriaque, fasc. I. La Didascalie des douze apôtres, traduite du syriaque pour la première fois. Deuxième édition revue et augmentée de la traduction de la Didachê des douze apôtres, de la Didascalie de l&amp;#039;apôtre Adaï et des empêchements de mariage (pseudo-) apostoliques, 1912 (1. Aufl. 1902); Documents pour servir à l&amp;#039;histoire de l&amp;#039;Eglise nestorienne. La seconde partie de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Barçadbešabba `Arbaïa et controverse de Théodore de Mopsueste avec les Macédoniens. Textes syriaques édités et traduits, in: PO 9, 1913, 489-677; Martyrologes et ménologes orientaux, I-XIII. Un martyrologe et douze ménologes syriaques édités et traduits, in: PO 10, 1915, 1-164; Deux textes de Bar Hébraeus sur Mahomet et le Coran, in: JA 211, 1927, 311-329; A propos d&amp;#039;un feuillet d&amp;#039;un manuscrit arabe. La mystique chez les Nestoriens. Religion et mystique chez les musulmans, in: Museon 43, 1930, 85-116. 221-262; Documents pour servir à l&amp;#039;histoire de l&amp;#039;Église nestorienne. La première partie de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Barçadbešabba `Arbaïa. Texte syriaque édité et traduit, in: PO 23, 1932, 177-343; Zahlreiche Artikel in: DB(V); DThC; DHGE u. DAFC und Rezensionen, vorallem in: ROC; vollst. Bibliographie bei: Maurice Brière, L&amp;#039;Abbé François Nau, in: JA 233, 1933, 149-180.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Nau&amp;diff=2363</id>
		<title>François Nau</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Nau&amp;diff=2363"/>
		<updated>2006-08-02T13:32:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Francois Nau (d.1931) was one of the greatest French Orientalists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/n/nau_f_n.shtml BBKL article]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Werke: Littérature cosmographique syriaque inédite. Notice sur le Livre des trésors de Jacques de Bartela, évêque de Tagrit, in: JA, 9.série, 7, 1896, 286-331; Thèses présentées à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences mathématiques. 1 re thèse: Formation et extinction du clapotis. 2 e thèse: Propositions données par la Faculté, 1897; Une biographie inédite de Bardesane l&amp;#039;astrologue (154-222), tirée de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Michel le Grand, patriarche d&amp;#039;Antioche (1126-1199), 1897; Bardesane l&amp;#039;astrologue. Le Livre des lois des pays. Texte syriaque et traduction française, 1899, 19312; Opuscules maronites, in: ROC 4, 1899, 175-225. 318-353. 543-571; 5, 1900, 74-98. 293-302; Le Livre de l&amp;#039;ascension de l&amp;#039;esprit sur la forme du ciel et de la terre. Cours d&amp;#039;astronomie rédigé en 1279 par Grégoire Aboulfarag, dit Bar Hebraeus, I re partie: Texte syriaque, 1899; II e partie: Traduction française, 1900 (BEHE 121); Le texte grec des récits du moine Anastase sur les saints Pères du Sinaï, in: Or Chr 2, 1902, 58-89; Dans quelle mesure les Jacobites sont-ils monophysites ?, in: ROC 10, 1905, 113-134; Recueil de monographies. I. Histoires d&amp;#039;Açoudemmeh et de Marouta, métropolitains jacobites de Tagrit et de l&amp;#039;Orient (VIe et VIIe siècles), suivies du traité d&amp;#039;Açoudemmeh sur l&amp;#039;homme. Textes syriaques inédits publiés, traduits et annotés, in: PO 3, 1905, 1-120; Lettres choisies de Jacques d&amp;#039;Édesse, publiées et traduites, 1906; Ancienne littérature canonique syriaque, fasc. II. Les canons et les résolutions canoniques de Rabboula, Jean de Tella, Cyriaque d&amp;#039;Amid, Jacques d&amp;#039;Édesse, Georges des Arabes, Cyriaque d&amp;#039;Antioche, Jean III, Théodose d&amp;#039;Antioche et des Perses, traduits pour la première fois en français, 1906; Histoires des solitaires égyptiens (ms. Coislin 126, fol. 158 à fol. 256), in: ROC 12, 1907, 43-69. 171-189. 393-413; 13, 1908, 47-66. 266-297; 14, 1909, 357-379; 17, 1912, 204-211. 294-301; 18, 1913, 137-146; Analyse du traité écrit par Denys bar Salibi contre les Nestoriens, in: ROC 14, 1909, 298-320; Documents pour l&amp;#039;étude de la Bible. Histoire et Sagesse d&amp;#039;Açikar l&amp;#039;Assyrien (fils d&amp;#039;Anaël, neveu de Tobie). Traduction des versions syriaques avec les principales différences des versions arabe, arménienne, grecque, néo-syriaque, slave et roumaine, 1909; Saint Cyrille et Nestorius. Contribution à l&amp;#039;histoire des origines des schismes monophysite et nestorien, in: ROC 15, 1910, 365-391; 16, 1911, 1-54; Recueil de monographies. III. Les légendes syriaques d&amp;#039;Aaron de Saroug, de Maxime et Domèce, d&amp;#039;Abraham, maître de Barsôma, et de l&amp;#039;empereur Maurice. Texte syriaque édité et traduit, in: PO 5, 1910, 693-778. 804-807; Nestorius. Le Livre d&amp;#039;Héraclide de Damas, traduit en français (avec le concours du R. P. Bedjan et de M. Brière), suivi du texte grec des trois homélies de Nestorius sur les tentations de Notre-Seigneur et de trois appendices: Lettre à Cosme, présents envoyés d&amp;#039;Alexandrie, lettre de Nestorius aux habitants de Constantinople, 1910; Recueil de monographies. IV. Jean Rufus, évêque de Maïouma. Plérophories, témoignages et révélations contre le concile de Chalcédoine. Version syriaque et traduction française, in: PO 8, 1911, 1-208; Nestorius, d&amp;#039;après les sources orientales, 1911; Ancienne littérature canonique syriaque, fasc. I. La Didascalie des douze apôtres, traduite du syriaque pour la première fois. Deuxième édition revue et augmentée de la traduction de la Didachê des douze apôtres, de la Didascalie de l&amp;#039;apôtre Adaï et des empêchements de mariage (pseudo-) apostoliques, 1912 (1. Aufl. 1902); Documents pour servir à l&amp;#039;histoire de l&amp;#039;Eglise nestorienne. La seconde partie de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Barçadbešabba `Arbaïa et controverse de Théodore de Mopsueste avec les Macédoniens. Textes syriaques édités et traduits, in: PO 9, 1913, 489-677; Martyrologes et ménologes orientaux, I-XIII. Un martyrologe et douze ménologes syriaques édités et traduits, in: PO 10, 1915, 1-164; Deux textes de Bar Hébraeus sur Mahomet et le Coran, in: JA 211, 1927, 311-329; A propos d&amp;#039;un feuillet d&amp;#039;un manuscrit arabe. La mystique chez les Nestoriens. Religion et mystique chez les musulmans, in: Museon 43, 1930, 85-116. 221-262; Documents pour servir à l&amp;#039;histoire de l&amp;#039;Église nestorienne. La première partie de l&amp;#039;Histoire de Barçadbešabba `Arbaïa. Texte syriaque édité et traduit, in: PO 23, 1932, 177-343; Zahlreiche Artikel in: DB(V); DThC; DHGE u. DAFC und Rezensionen, vorallem in: ROC; vollst. Bibliographie bei: Maurice Brière, L&amp;#039;Abbé François Nau, in: JA 233, 1933, 149-180.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Nau&amp;diff=2362</id>
		<title>François Nau</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Nau&amp;diff=2362"/>
		<updated>2006-08-02T13:32:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Francois Nau (d.1931) was one of the greatest French Orientalists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/n/nau_f_n.shtml BBKL article]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2361</id>
		<title>Main Page</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&amp;diff=2361"/>
		<updated>2006-08-02T13:31:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Syriac Literature.=&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Notes on Syriac Grammar]] &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vatican Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Catalogues of Syriac manuscripts]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[François Nau]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== A. The 1st to 3rd centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most obscure period of Syriac literature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peshitta]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diatessaron]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Old Syriac Gospels]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Bardaisan]] and the Book of the Laws of the Countries.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Odes of Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Acts of Thomas]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Pseudo-Melito&amp;#039;s Apology]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Syriac Sentences of Menander]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Letter of Mara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Story of the &amp;#039;Aramaean sage&amp;#039; Ahikar]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== B. The 4th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first substantial works commence from the middle and second half of the 4th century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Aphrahat]] (Aphraates, &amp;#039;Jacob of Nisibis&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ephrem]] (Ephraim Syrus)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Liber Graduum]] (The Book of Steps)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;MainPageBG&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #ffad80; padding: .5em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #fff3f3; margin: 3px 3px 0; &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== C. The 5th to mid-7th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrillona]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Balai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Narsai]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John the Solitary]] (John of Apamea)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous prose hagiography]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha of Maiperkat]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 5-6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Serugh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon the Potter]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Philoxenus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Antioch]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Symmachus]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Joshua the Stylite]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Stephen bar Sudhaili]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Simeon of Beth Arsham]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elias]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Daniel of Salah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Cyrus of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Ephesus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Peter of Kallinikos]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.Zacharias Rhetor]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ahudemmeh]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham of Nathpar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the 6th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 6-7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba &amp;#039;Arbaya]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Barhadbeshabba of Halwan]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shubhalmaran]] (Subhalmaran)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Babai the Great]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Martyrius]] (Sahdona)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb II]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of the Sedre]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Marutha]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory of Cyprus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Anonymous literature of the early 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== D. Mid-7th to 13th century A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the middle of the 7th century, the Syriac-speaking world was occupied by the Arabs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Second half of the 7th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Severus Sebokht]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gabriel of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Lipeh of Qatar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Khuzistan Chronicle]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;Yahb III]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (Isaac the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Shem&amp;#039;on the graceful]] (Shem&amp;#039;on d-Taybutheh)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dadisho&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Penkaye]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Apocalypse of Ps.Methodius]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Hagiography of the 7th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 7th-8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[George, bishop of the Arab tribes]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Diyarbekir Commentary]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Sergius the Stylite of Gusit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elia]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dalyatha]] (John Saba)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Joseph Hazzaya (the seer)]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Abraham bar Dashandad, &amp;#039;the lame&amp;#039;]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of Ps.Dionysius of Tel-Mahre]] (Chronicle of Zuqnin)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Theodore bar Koni]] (N) (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Liber scholiorum&amp;#039;&amp;#039;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 8th-9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy I]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;bar Nun]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 9th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Job of Edessa]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John of Dara]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dad of Merv]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Nonnus]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Antony of Tagrit]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Ps.George of Arbela]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Thomas, bishop of Marga]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Isho&amp;#039;dnah]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The anonymous commentary on the Old and New Testament]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Moshe bar Kepha]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 10th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Anbar]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Book of the Cause of Causes]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Emmanuel bar Shahhare]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 11th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah of Nisibis]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 12th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dionysius bar Salibi]] (Dionysius Syrus / Jacob bar Salibi)&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Elijah III Abu Halim]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Michael the Great]] (Michael the Syrian)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== 13th century ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[John bar Zo&amp;#039;bi]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Solomon of Bosra]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Giwargis Warda]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The Chronicle of 1234]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Jacob Severus bar Shakko]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Gregory Barhebraeus]] (Bar&amp;#039;ebroyo / Abu &amp;#039;L Faraj / Gregorius Abulpharagius)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== E. The 13th to 14th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Syriac is displaced by Arabic in the West in this period.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[&amp;#039;Abdisho bar Brika]] (Ebed Jesu) {East Syriac/Nestorian} 1250-1318 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Khamis bar Qardahe]]  {East Syriac/Nestorian} Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Dioscorus of Gozarto]] {West Syriac/Monophysite} Late 13th/early 14th century.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[The History of Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma]] {East Syriac/Nestorian}.  Soon after 1317.&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Timothy II]] {East Syriac/Nestorian} Died 1353 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== F. The 14th to 20th centuries A.D. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 14th to 19th centuries]]&lt;br /&gt;
# [[Syriac literature in the 20th century]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&amp;#039;s Guide].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;font-size:90%&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{donate}}&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt; __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Sergius_of_Resh%60aina&amp;diff=2360</id>
		<title>Sergius of Resh`aina</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Sergius_of_Resh%60aina&amp;diff=2360"/>
		<updated>2006-08-01T17:33:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: /* Links */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Hearsay from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Dionysius the Areopagite was translated from Greek to Syriac by Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* d. 536 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 26 books of [Galen&amp;#039;s] work were translated into Syriac as early as the sixth century AD by Sergius of Resh&amp;#039; Aina (Ra&amp;#039;s al-Ain). Sergius was a Christian priest who studied medicine in Alexandria and worked in Mesopotamia, dying in Constantinople in about AD 532 [33].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[PDF] INDEX DES MANUSCRITS ÉTUDIÉS 2003File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat&lt;br /&gt;
SERGIUS DE. RESHAINA, &amp;quot;Mimro sur la vie spirituelle&amp;quot; * (&amp;quot;olim&amp;quot; Mossoul 92) ... DE RESH&amp;#039;AINA, &amp;quot;La vie de Maxime le Confesseur&amp;quot; * (texte latin) (traduction ...&lt;br /&gt;
www.ftsr.ulaval.ca/_pdf/bibp/index_manuscrits1_auteurs2003.pdf - Similar pages &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[PDF] INDEX DES MANUSCRITS ÉTUDIÉS 2003File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat&lt;br /&gt;
GEORGES DE RESH&amp;#039;AINA, &amp;quot;La vie de Maxime le Confesseur&amp;quot;. XXX * London, British Library, Add. 7192, f. ... SERGIUS DE RESHAINA, &amp;quot;Mimro sur la vie spirituelle&amp;quot; ...&lt;br /&gt;
www.ftsr.ulaval.ca/_pdf/bibp//index_manuscrits5_contenus2003.pdf - Similar pages &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Search on Sergius of Reshaina also; and for Sergius Resaïnensis&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Sergius of Reshaina was a doctor who translated many medical as well as philosophical works including Aristotle&amp;#039;s Categories and Porphyry&amp;#039;s Isagoge, twenty-six works by Galen, twelve by Hippocrates and at least part of an agricultural treatise, the Geoponica.(16) Sergius is also credited with translating a version of the collected works of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.(17) http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Medi/MediErha.htm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Aux origines de l&amp;#039;exégèse orientale de la logique d&amp;#039;Aristote: Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;aina († 536), médecin et philosophe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 277 (1989) pp. 1-17.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Note sur Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;aina, traducteur du grec en syriaque et commentateur d&amp;#039;Aristote,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Ancient Tradition in Christian and Islamic Hellenism. Studies on the Transmission of Greek Philosophy and sciences, dedicated to H.J. Drossaart Lulofs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ed. G. Endress and R. Kruk, Leiden, 1997, p. 121-143.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], Comme la cigogne au désert. Un prologue de Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;ayna à l&amp;#039;étude de la philosophie aristotélicienne en syriaque,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Langages et philosophie. Hommage à Jean Jolivet,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; éd. A. de Libera, A. Elamrani-Jamal, A. Galonnier, Paris, Vrin, 1997 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Etudes de philosophie médiévale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, LXXIV), pp. 79-97.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Les Catégories d&amp;#039;Aristote comme introduction à la philosophie, dans un commentaire syriaque de Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;aina († 536),&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in  Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 8 (1997), pp. 339-363.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La logique d&amp;#039;Aristote du grec au syriaque. Etudes sur la transmission des textes de l&amp;#039;Organon et leur interprétion philosophique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Paris 2004). It&amp;#039;s a study of the translation and commentary activity of Paul the Persian, Proba, and Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Polycarp Sherwood, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sergius of Reshaina and the Syriac Versions of the Pseudo-Denis,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Sacris Erudiri 4 (1952), pp.174-184.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Links ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://fr_33.vjf.cnrs.fr/TextesEtTraditions/Hugonnard.html Aristotle&amp;#039;s Organon]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/s/s2/sergios_v_r.shtml BBKL]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Sergius_of_Resh%60aina&amp;diff=2359</id>
		<title>Sergius of Resh`aina</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Sergius_of_Resh%60aina&amp;diff=2359"/>
		<updated>2006-08-01T17:32:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Hearsay from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Dionysius the Areopagite was translated from Greek to Syriac by Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* d. 536 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 26 books of [Galen&amp;#039;s] work were translated into Syriac as early as the sixth century AD by Sergius of Resh&amp;#039; Aina (Ra&amp;#039;s al-Ain). Sergius was a Christian priest who studied medicine in Alexandria and worked in Mesopotamia, dying in Constantinople in about AD 532 [33].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[PDF] INDEX DES MANUSCRITS ÉTUDIÉS 2003File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat&lt;br /&gt;
SERGIUS DE. RESHAINA, &amp;quot;Mimro sur la vie spirituelle&amp;quot; * (&amp;quot;olim&amp;quot; Mossoul 92) ... DE RESH&amp;#039;AINA, &amp;quot;La vie de Maxime le Confesseur&amp;quot; * (texte latin) (traduction ...&lt;br /&gt;
www.ftsr.ulaval.ca/_pdf/bibp/index_manuscrits1_auteurs2003.pdf - Similar pages &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[PDF] INDEX DES MANUSCRITS ÉTUDIÉS 2003File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat&lt;br /&gt;
GEORGES DE RESH&amp;#039;AINA, &amp;quot;La vie de Maxime le Confesseur&amp;quot;. XXX * London, British Library, Add. 7192, f. ... SERGIUS DE RESHAINA, &amp;quot;Mimro sur la vie spirituelle&amp;quot; ...&lt;br /&gt;
www.ftsr.ulaval.ca/_pdf/bibp//index_manuscrits5_contenus2003.pdf - Similar pages &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Search on Sergius of Reshaina also; and for Sergius Resaïnensis&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Sergius of Reshaina was a doctor who translated many medical as well as philosophical works including Aristotle&amp;#039;s Categories and Porphyry&amp;#039;s Isagoge, twenty-six works by Galen, twelve by Hippocrates and at least part of an agricultural treatise, the Geoponica.(16) Sergius is also credited with translating a version of the collected works of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.(17) http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Medi/MediErha.htm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Aux origines de l&amp;#039;exégèse orientale de la logique d&amp;#039;Aristote: Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;aina († 536), médecin et philosophe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 277 (1989) pp. 1-17.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Note sur Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;aina, traducteur du grec en syriaque et commentateur d&amp;#039;Aristote,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Ancient Tradition in Christian and Islamic Hellenism. Studies on the Transmission of Greek Philosophy and sciences, dedicated to H.J. Drossaart Lulofs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ed. G. Endress and R. Kruk, Leiden, 1997, p. 121-143.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], Comme la cigogne au désert. Un prologue de Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;ayna à l&amp;#039;étude de la philosophie aristotélicienne en syriaque,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Langages et philosophie. Hommage à Jean Jolivet,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; éd. A. de Libera, A. Elamrani-Jamal, A. Galonnier, Paris, Vrin, 1997 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Etudes de philosophie médiévale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, LXXIV), pp. 79-97.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Les Catégories d&amp;#039;Aristote comme introduction à la philosophie, dans un commentaire syriaque de Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;aina († 536),&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in  Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 8 (1997), pp. 339-363.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La logique d&amp;#039;Aristote du grec au syriaque. Etudes sur la transmission des textes de l&amp;#039;Organon et leur interprétion philosophique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Paris 2004). It&amp;#039;s a study of the translation and commentary activity of Paul the Persian, Proba, and Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Polycarp Sherwood, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sergius of Reshaina and the Syriac Versions of the Pseudo-Denis,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Sacris Erudiri 4 (1952), pp.174-184.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Links ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://fr_33.vjf.cnrs.fr/TextesEtTraditions/Hugonnard.html Aristotle&amp;#039;s Organon]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [www.bautz.de/bbkl/s/s2/sergios_v_r.shtml BBKL]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Sergius_of_Resh%60aina&amp;diff=2358</id>
		<title>Sergius of Resh`aina</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://roger-pearse.com/wiki/index.php?title=Sergius_of_Resh%60aina&amp;diff=2358"/>
		<updated>2006-08-01T17:31:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Rogerpearse: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Hearsay from the internet ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Dionysius the Areopagite was translated from Greek to Syriac by Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* d. 536 AD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 26 books of [Galen&amp;#039;s] work were translated into Syriac as early as the sixth century AD by Sergius of Resh&amp;#039; Aina (Ra&amp;#039;s al-Ain). Sergius was a Christian priest who studied medicine in Alexandria and worked in Mesopotamia, dying in Constantinople in about AD 532 [33].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[PDF] INDEX DES MANUSCRITS ÉTUDIÉS 2003File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat&lt;br /&gt;
SERGIUS DE. RESHAINA, &amp;quot;Mimro sur la vie spirituelle&amp;quot; * (&amp;quot;olim&amp;quot; Mossoul 92) ... DE RESH&amp;#039;AINA, &amp;quot;La vie de Maxime le Confesseur&amp;quot; * (texte latin) (traduction ...&lt;br /&gt;
www.ftsr.ulaval.ca/_pdf/bibp/index_manuscrits1_auteurs2003.pdf - Similar pages &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[PDF] INDEX DES MANUSCRITS ÉTUDIÉS 2003File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat&lt;br /&gt;
GEORGES DE RESH&amp;#039;AINA, &amp;quot;La vie de Maxime le Confesseur&amp;quot;. XXX * London, British Library, Add. 7192, f. ... SERGIUS DE RESHAINA, &amp;quot;Mimro sur la vie spirituelle&amp;quot; ...&lt;br /&gt;
www.ftsr.ulaval.ca/_pdf/bibp//index_manuscrits5_contenus2003.pdf - Similar pages &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Search on Sergius of Reshaina also; and for Sergius Resaïnensis&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Sergius of Reshaina was a doctor who translated many medical as well as philosophical works including Aristotle&amp;#039;s Categories and Porphyry&amp;#039;s Isagoge, twenty-six works by Galen, twelve by Hippocrates and at least part of an agricultural treatise, the Geoponica.(16) Sergius is also credited with translating a version of the collected works of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.(17) http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Medi/MediErha.htm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Bibliography ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Aux origines de l&amp;#039;exégèse orientale de la logique d&amp;#039;Aristote: Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;aina († 536), médecin et philosophe&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal Asiatique&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 277 (1989) pp. 1-17.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Note sur Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;aina, traducteur du grec en syriaque et commentateur d&amp;#039;Aristote,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Ancient Tradition in Christian and Islamic Hellenism. Studies on the Transmission of Greek Philosophy and sciences, dedicated to H.J. Drossaart Lulofs&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ed. G. Endress and R. Kruk, Leiden, 1997, p. 121-143.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], Comme la cigogne au désert. Un prologue de Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;ayna à l&amp;#039;étude de la philosophie aristotélicienne en syriaque,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Langages et philosophie. Hommage à Jean Jolivet,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; éd. A. de Libera, A. Elamrani-Jamal, A. Galonnier, Paris, Vrin, 1997 (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Etudes de philosophie médiévale&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, LXXIV), pp. 79-97.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Les Catégories d&amp;#039;Aristote comme introduction à la philosophie, dans un commentaire syriaque de Sergius de Resh&amp;#039;aina († 536),&amp;#039;&amp;#039; in  Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 8 (1997), pp. 339-363.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Hugonnard.htm Henri Hugonnard-Roche], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;La logique d&amp;#039;Aristote du grec au syriaque. Etudes sur la transmission des textes de l&amp;#039;Organon et leur interprétion philosophique&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (Paris 2004). It&amp;#039;s a study of the translation and commentary activity of Paul the Persian, Proba, and Sergius of Resh&amp;#039;aina.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Polycarp Sherwood, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Sergius of Reshaina and the Syriac Versions of the Pseudo-Denis,&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Sacris Erudiri 4 (1952), pp.174-184.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Links ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://fr_33.vjf.cnrs.fr/TextesEtTraditions/Hugonnard.html Aristotle&amp;#039;s Organon]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Rogerpearse</name></author>
		
	</entry>
</feed><br />
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