Severus Sebokht

Severus Sebokht of Nisibis flourished in the early-mid 7th century and was bishop of the great convent of Kenneshrin (the "Eagle's nest") at which Greek was studied extensively. He was one of the foremost scientific writers of his time. His works are mainly scientific or philosophical in character, although little has been translated into English.

He is best known today for a remark which shows that what we call today "Arabic" numerals were coming into use.

Works

• On the astrolabe.

• On the constellations, against the astrologers.

• Letters to Basil, a priest of Cyprus.

Extracts from the handbooks

Material from Nau, Le traite..., ROC 1929

Severus Sebokht is mainly known as a populariser of Greek philosophy among the Syrians . But thanks to a manuscript brought to France by Addai Scher, we now know that he also played an important role in the transmission of Greek science. The manuscript, now Paris, Syriaque 346, dated 1309 AD, contains his correspondence, in the last years of his life, only with an otherwise unknown Basil, a priest in Cyprus, so if we may conclude that he wrote 27 chapters over a number of years to a single correspondant, his scientific activity must have been considerable.

The first 18 chapters (folios 78-121v) form a distinct treatise with an incipit and explicit. Severus refers to it in a later writing in the same manuscript.

The first 5 chapters are directed against astrologers. These attributed to the constellations effects on earth which were in line with their names. Severus shows at length that these names are arbitrary, purely conventional, and so have no connection with the real nature of the stars. Chapter 4 contains long quotations from Aratus which are mostly missing in our Greek texts of the Phenomena of this author. Chapter 5 contains an interesting selection of Syriac technical astrological jargon, used previously by Bardesanes in his Book of the laws of the countries and also the Syriac names of the constellations and principal stars, in use throughout the treatise. The Syriac text of these chapters was published by Nau because of its use to Syriac scholars.

Severus then goes on to give a cosmography, which must have been very much in fashion at the time, since it was the basis of astrology. He lists the number of constellation, their names, remarkable stars, when these rise and set, the signs of the zodiac, the milky way, etc.

Two short extracts of chapters 17 and 18 have already been published by Sachau (Inedita Syriaca, Vienna (1870), pp.127-134) from BL. Add. 14538, a ms. of the 10th century.

The fragments of the works of Severus may be found in manuscripts in Paris, the BL, Cambridge, Berlin, and Notre-Dame des Semences. The author is always called 'of Nisibis' or 'Nisibite'; also Abbot, and bishop of Qenneshrin. He therefore came from Nisibis. Despite his Persian name "Sebokht" he proclaims himself a Syrian. However he must have known Persian, since a translation is attributed to him of a commentary on the peri hermenias, composed by Paul the Persian, from Persian into Syriac. (Cf. Journal Asiatique, juillet-aout 1900, p.73).

He must have been the abbot of the monastery of Qenneshrin, and then "bishop of Qenneshrin". As M. A. Baumstark has well said , he was never "bishop of Nisibis".

It is not impossible that the fragments on Gregory Nazianzen in Ms. British Library Add. 14517 (14547?), fol. 236-240, catalogued by Wright on p.432, are also by Severus Sebokht since they are there attributed to a "Severus, bishop, Nisibite" rather than "bishop of Nisibis", which is precisely the status of Severus Sebokht.

In June 638, he wrote on the works of Aristotle.

According to the Maronite Chronicle, in 659 he assisted the monophysite patriarch, Theodore, in a debate with the Maronites before Moawiah (cf. ROC vol. 4, (1899), p.323); the monophysites got the worst of the debate, and Moawiah ordered that they should live quietly, and pay him 20,000 dinars a year in return for his "protection".

By 661 he had written his treatise on the Astrolabe, since he refers to it in two places in his work on the Constellations, written in 661.

In 662, he wrote a letter on the era of the birth of Christ; a chapter on the various climates or zones (ms. 346, fol. 134) is also from this period, because it refers to the work on the Constellations.

Finally there is a treatise on the date on which Easter should be celebrated in 665 AD, which is probably by him. Severus probably died in that year, although Baumstark places his death in 666-7.

His sources

In his work are found passages from Theon, Aratus, but above all from Ptolemy. He seems to have known most of Ptolemy's works: the Geography, the Mathematical Composition (=Almagest), the Manual tables, and the works of astrology; the Quadripartium and its epitome, the "book of fruit".

Material from Wright

Severus Sebokht (d. 666-7 A.D.) ¹ of Nisibis ², bishop of the convent of Ken-neshre, at this time one of the chief seats of Greek learning in western Syria ³ flourished at the same time as Marutha, under the patriarch Athanasius Gammala (died in 631 ⁴) and his successor John.

He devoted himself to philosophical and mathematical as well as theological studies ⁵. Of the first we have specimens in his treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytica Priora of Aristotle, his commentary on the Περι ερμηνείας, and his letters to the priest Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms in the Περι ερμηνείας, and to the periodeutes Yaunan or Jonas on some points in the logic of Aristotle ⁶. Of his astronomical and geographical studies there are a few examples in Brit. Mus. Add. 14538, ff. 153-155 ⁷, such as whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or sphere, on the habitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, on the measurement of the heaven and the earth and the space between them, and on the motions of the sun and moon ⁸. In the Royal Library at Berlin there is a short treatise of his on the astrolabe ⁹.

More or less theological in their nature are his letter to the priest and periodeutes Basil of Cyprus, on the 14th of Nisan, A. Gr. 976 (665 A.D.) ¹⁰, a treatise on the weeks of Daniel ¹¹, and letters to Sergius, abbot of Shiggar (Sinjar), on two discourses of Gregory Nazianzen ¹². He is also said to have drawn up a liturgy ¹³.

Notes

1. On the Persian name Sebokht see Noldeke, Gesch. des Artachsir i Papakan, in Beitrage z. Kunde d. indogerm. Sprachen, iv. 49, note 4; Geschichte d. Perser und Araber, p. 396, note 1.
2. See Wright, Catal., p. 598, col. 1.
3. See B.O., ii. 335 ; Bar-Hebraeus, Chron. Eccles., i. 275.
4. According to Bar-Hebraeus, Chron. Eccles., i. 275 ; B.O., ii. 334. Dionysius of Tell-Mahre gives 644.
5. Compare Renan, De Philos. Peripat. ap. Syros, pp. 29, 30.
6. See Brit. Mus. Add. 14660 and 17156 (Wright, Catal., pp. 1160-63), and the Catal. of the Royal Library of Berlin, Sachau 226, 6, 9.
7. Wright, Catal., p. 1008.
8. See Sachau, Ined. Syr., pp. 127-134.
9. Alter Bestand 37, 2 (Kurzes Verzeichniss, p. 32).
10. Same MS., 3.
11. Wright, Catal., p. 988, col. 2.
12. Ibid., p. 432, col. 2.
13. B.O., ii. 463.

Material from Sebastian Brock

Severus Sebokht (W; d.666-7). Bishop of the monastery of Qenneshre, and one of the most learned men of his time in the fields of astronomy and philosophy. Several works of his in both these fields survive, notably treatises on the Astrolabe and on the Constellations, letters on points of logic addressed to Aitalaha of Nineveh and to a periodeutes Yaunan, and a treatise on Syllogisms (written in 638). He also translated from Middle Persian a compendium on logic written by Paul the Persian for the Persian shah Khosro I (d. 579).

Material from Hugoye-List

Steven Ring wrote

Other links: He was the tutor of the distinguished scholar Jacob bishop of Edessa, see my entry under AD 684: http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/chron_tab7.html

More info from online

The Journale Asiatique is mostly online at http://gallica.bnf.fr.

There is a very useful overview of Severus Sabukht’s work and references to the relevant manuscripts in Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum’s The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences, 2nd rev. ed (Gorgias Press, 2003), 325-28.

Gerrit Reinink has an article on Severus's work on Aristotelian logic ("Severus Sebokts Brief an den periodeutes Jonan. Einige Fragen zur aristotelischen Logik") in III Symposium Syriacum 1980: Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures, ed. Rene Lavenant (Rome: PISO, 1983), 97-107.

and

According to google book search's scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):

"The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D."

and

Nau's ROC article (Revue de l'Orient chrétien 15) discusses the texts in Paris ms 346.

and from John M. McMahon:

For SS's astronomical works, the two most important mss. date from 1309 (Paris MS Syr. 346) and from 1556 (Berlin MS Syr. 186). Several of the works in these are available in modern translations:

For SS's Treatise on the Astrolabe see F. N. Nau, "Le Traité sur l'Astrolabe Plan de Sévère Sébokt," Journal Asiatique 13 (1899): 56-101, 238-303. An English version (from Nau's French) is in R. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World Vol. 1: The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford: 1932): 82-103.

SS's work on the constellations is in F. N. Nau, "Le Traité sur les 'Constellations' Écrit, en 661 (sic), par Sévère Sébokt, Évêque de Qennesrin" Revue de l'Orient Chrétien 7 (27) (1929): 327-410; 8 (28) (1932): 85-100.

For SS's explanation of lunar eclipses see F. N. Nau, "Notes d'Astronomie Syrienne," Journal Asiatique 16 (1910): 209-28, esp. 219-224.

Life and works of SS:

F. N. Nau's "La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens," Revue de l'Orient Chrétien 5 (18) (1910): 225-54 assesses Severus's contributions and surveys the contents of Paris MS Syr. 346, three quarters of which is made up of his works.

W. Wright, A Short History of Syriac Literature (Amsterdam: 1966): 137-9.

I. Afram Barsoum, History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (Pueblo, CO: 2000, originally published as Kitab al-Lulu al-Manthur fi Tarikh al-Ulum wa al-Adab al-Surynaniyya [Hims, Syria: 1943]): 65, 108, which conveniently lists and briefly discusses all of Severus's works.

--- Ute Possekel wrote:

Nau, in the article I mentioned, is interested in astronomical data, and he quotes from that ms. a letter by Severus to a Cypriote priest named Basil from AD 662, in which he refers to Bardaisan’s computations of planetary conjunctions, the section on Arabic numbers. The same ms. apparently also had Severus’ treatise on the latitude of climata, and perhaps the one on the astrolabe. The latter is ed. Nau, Journal Asiatique, 9th series, vol. 13, 1899. I am not sure what the ms. is for this one, though.

--- joel walker wrote:

For an overview of the broader cultural context for the transmission of Aristotelian logic and Greek medicine into Syriac during the sixth century, you might want to read the third chapter of my new book, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (UC Press, 2006). Sergius of Resh Aina holds a key place in my argument.

If you haven't done so already, you should also check the entries under Severus Sebokht and philosophy in Syriac Studies. A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990) (Kashlik, Lebanon, 1996). I thhink there are some later supplements published in Parole de l'Orient, and after that, in Hugoye.

Material from the internet

He wrote letters on theological subjects to Basil of Cyprus and Sergius, abbot of Skiggar, as well as two discourses on St. Gregory Nazianzen. On Aristotelian logic he composed a treatise on the syllogisms in the Analytics of Aristotle, a commentary on the Hermeneutics which was based on the commentary of Paul the Persian, a letter to Aitilaha of Mosul on certain terms used in the Hermeneutics (Brit. Mus. Add. 17156), and a letter to the periodeutes Yaunan on the logic of Aristotle (Camb. Univ. Lib. Add. 2812).

In addition to these works on logic he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899). In all this he showed himself the product of Alexandrian science and illustrated the widening scientific interests of the period. It seems that he took steps towards introducing the Indian numerals, but this was not carried on by any immediate successor. His work represents the highest level reached by any Syriac scientist and this, it will be noted, was associated with Kennesrin.

In 662AD he wrote concerning the new numerals, which were moving West and were to become what we know as 'Arabic' numerals:

I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value. (Found online: supposed to come from "The Wonder That Was India, A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims", by A.L. Basham, Reader in the History of India in the University of London, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1954, repr. 1961).

According to google book search's scan of page 48 of A History of Mathematical Notations, by Florian Cajori (1993):

The earliest-known reference to Hindu numerals outside of India is the one due to Bishop Severus Sebokht of Nisibus, who, living in the convent of Kenneshre on the Euphrates, refers to them in a fragment of a manuscript (MS Syriac [Paris], No. 346) of the year 662 A.D.

John McMahon writes in a post to CLASSICS-L:

Like many of his contemporaries, Severus was bicultural, partaking of the Byzantine Greek influence on Western Syrian intellectual circles while fully immersed in his own Syrian cultural milieu. He does, however, criticize the contemporary Greek tendency to assume intellectual superiority and asserts his own capabilities as a native Syrian, raising a strong polemical voice against the cultural hegemony of the Greek-speaking world over that of provincials. A leading figure in the teaching and commentary tradition of Aristotelian philosophy, especially in logic and syllogisms, Severus produced a Discourse on Syllogisms in Prior Analytics (638 CE) and wrote commentaries on other philosophical texts. He translated into Syriac Paul the Persian's commentary on Aristotle's De interpretatione ... He was familiar with Ptolemy's Handy Tables, and there is some indication that he translated the Almagest into Syriac; in any case, he most certainly taught it in the school of Nisbis and then later in Western Syria ...

Specialized treatments of Severus and his contemporaries appear in S. Brock, "From Antagonism to Assimilation: Syriac Attitudes to Greek Learning" in Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (London: 1984): V, 17-34, esp. 23-4, 28 and in two works by D. Pingree: "The Greek Influence on Early Islamic Mathematical Astronomy," Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 1993: 32-43, esp. 34-5; and "The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity" in The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. ed. T. Barnes. (Edmonton: 1994): 73-98, esp. 94-5.

From google book search, in "Aristotelian Meteorology in Syriac: Barhebraeus, Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Mineralogy ..." By Hidemi Takahashi, p. 325, it states that Severus was familiar with Ptolemy's Handy Tables (see the French translation of "On the Constellations" by Nau [1910], p.240; Nau [1930-1], p.343 (index)), as was Sergius of Reshaina (Sachau [1870] 225.17).

Manuscripts

The following manuscripts contain works by Severus Sebokht.

Ms. Mingana 43

In the Birmingham Mingana collection, Ms. 43 contains various works by various people. The catalogue lists part G as containing Severus Sebokht, Treatise on Aristotle's Analytica Priora. This is preceded by the same work of Aristotle in Syriac translation. See Mingana's catalogue, volume 1 column 114. This West Syrian MS is dated AD 1575 and it was written in Deir Zafaran, (The Saffron Monastery). The Ms. is 150 x 105 mm. 130 ff. 17 lines per page.

Ms. Paris Syriaque 346

This manuscript contains a large quantity of works by Severus Sebokht, and is the main source for his works.

The Syriac manuscripts 1-288 are described by Herman Zotenberg in his Catalogue des manuscrits syriaques et sabéens (mandaïtes) de la bibliothèque nationale, Paris (1874), which was completed for mss. 289-334 by J-B. Chabot. The following manuscripts are described in a handwritten supplement to Chabot's catalogue, which can only be consulted in the "Salle Orientale" (Oriental reading room) at the Bibliotheque Nationale.

Ms. Syr. 346 has a relatively detailed description at the head of the volume, probably by Chabot, on the first guard-leaf. It contains 177 f. The first 36 folios are missing. It is written in a fine Serto hand. Each page has 28 lines, and is 160 x 120 mm.

It contains a collection of various treatises on astronomy, most of them by Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. Here is a list of contents. (The attributions are elderly and perhaps need revisiting).

• ff. 1-36 : Ptolemy. Megale suntaxis in Syriac. Unpublished.
• f. 36v-51v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. Treatise on the figures of the astrolabe. This text was edited by the abbé François Nau, Paris 1899 (available at the BNF Richelieu, manuscrits orientaux, imprimé 8° imp or 116 (9.13)).
• ff. 51v-77v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. Treatise on the causes of solar and lunar eclipses, winds and other natural phenomena.
• f. 78r-121v. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. The figures of the zodiac. According to the author of the catalogue notice, only the last chapter is known and may be found in a Syriac ms in the British Library, Mss Add. 14538, published by Eduard Sachau in Inedita Syriaca, Wien (1870), pp. 127-134.
• ff. 122-145. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. The reunion of the seven planets, how to predict an eclipse of the sun, the seven climates of the earth and how to measure them, the division of heaven into 5 zodiacs, and two chapters : one is devoted to the 14th month ("consacree au 14e lune"), the other to the cycle of 95 years and the birth of Christ. They were copied at the request of Basil of Cyprus.
• ff. 145r-161r. Giwargi (Georges, bishop of the Arab tribes) : the birth of the year, the movement of the stars, and the influence of the moon and a corresponance with John the Stylite, published by Viktor Ryssel (Georgs, des Araberbischofs, Gedichte und Briefe... Leipzig, 1891).
• ff. 161v-168v. Barhebraeus. Hymns on the heavenly bodies.
• ff. 168v-171. Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. History of astronomy among the Assyrians.
• f. 171v. Treatise on Astronomy.
• ff. 172-177v : Severus Sebokht of Nisibis. Treatise on Astronomy.
• Colophon on f. 168v : Finished in 1309 at the monastery of Mar Hanania, Mardin.

The very brief notice in the catalogue mentions the existence of 13 ff. detached from this manuscript and forming ms. Syriac 392. Laurent Héricher adds that apparently only the first 8 folios can be from ms. Syriaque 346. The folios are very damaged and practically illegible. They have been folded in half.

The manuscript was brought to France by Addai Scher.

British Library Ms. Additional 14538

The BL Online catalogue describes this manuscript vaguely: 'Treatises against heresies, and other theological works; very imperfect. On vellum, of the XIth or XIIth century. Quarto.'

From W. Wright, Catalogue of Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum, London (1871), vol. 2, pp.1003-1008. The manuscript contains various works. On p.1008 we find the fifth portion of it described thus:

5. Several sections relating to astronomical and geographical subjects. Each seems to be on a single page -- RP.

a) On the length of the day and night in different parts of the earth. Imperfect. fol. 153a. (No author given by Wright).

b) Severus Sabocht, bishop of Kinnesrin. Whether the heaven surrounds the earth in the form of a wheel or a sphere. Imperfect. Fol. 153b.

c) Severus Sabocht. Extract regarding the inhabitable and uninhabitable portions of the earth, etc. Fol. 154a. See Sachau, Inedita Syriaca.

d) Severus Sabocht. On the measurement of the heaven and the earth, and the space between them. Imperfect. Fol. 154b. See Sachau, Inedita Syriaca.

e) The conclusion of an extract and the motions of the sun and the moon. Fol. 155a. See Sachau, Inedita Syriaca. (No author given by Wright).

f) Basil: on the motion of the sun between the tropics. Fol. 155a. Is this perhaps Basil of Cyprus? -- RP

g) Jacob of Edessa, how the heathen came to think that the sun, moon and stars were living and rational beings endowed with free-will.

British Library Ms. Additional 14546

This contains sermons of Gregory Nazianzen. Following this, as an appendix, there are extracts from "Severus bishop of Nisibis (?)" as Wright gives it:

a) A letter to Sergius, abbot of Singar, on the 1st homily of Gregory Nazianzen, "De filio". Fol. 236b-238b.

b) On the homily of Gregory Nazianzen, "De Spiritu Sancto". Fol. 239a-b.

The Ms. is vellum, 10.5 x 7.125 in. containing 244 folios. Written in Estrangelo in the 9th century.

British Library Ms. Additional 14660

Wright #988, vol. 3, p.1160. 11.25 x 7.25 in., 81 leaves. 9-10th century. This contains:

1. The commentary of Probus on the peri hermenias.

2. Severus Sabocht. Treatise on Syllogisms. Fol. 46b-54a. Subscriptio at the end.

3. A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise peri hermenias. Fol. 54a-55b. Subscriptio at the end.

4. Paul the Persian, Treatise on logic, addressed to king Khusrau. Fol. 55b-67b. Slightly imperfect.

(Other works follow).

For all of these see E. Renan, Journal Asiatique 1852, 4th series, t. xix, p.310, 311, 325, 326.

British Library Ms. Additional 17156

Wright #989, vol. 3, p.1162. 12 leaves of vellum, 10 7/8 x 7 1/4 in. These formed part of 3 quires, but considerable lacunae after fol. 1 and 2. Written in 2 cols, 27-30 lines per page. 9th century. It contains works by Severus Sabocht.

1. Fragments of a commentary on the peri hermenias of Aristotle. (This may not be by Severus Sabocht). Fol. 1 and f. 2.

2. A treatise on the Syllogisms in the Analytica (Priora) of Aristotle. Fol. 3a. Imperfect at the start. Subscriptio on fol. 5b.

3. A letter to Jonas, the periodeutes, explaining some points in the Ars Rhetorica of Aristotle. Fol. 5b.

4. A letter to the priest Aitilaha on certain terms in the treatise peri hermenias. Fol. 11a. Imperfect at the end.

Some of the leaves are decorated with intertwined ornaments and figures of birds.

Berlin Ms. Petermann I 26 (once Ms. 186 in the Sachau catalogue)

Manuscript Petermann I 26 (Catalogue Sachau 186) contains various works by Severus Sebokht. The treatise on the astrolabe is contained on folios 82b-98a. For details you should refer to the catalogue by Sachau, volume 2, published in 1899.

Alqosh, Monastery of Rabban Hormizd (Notre-Dame des Semences), Ms. 50

The catalogue with brief descriptions of this library as it was in 1906 is available online, and gives the following details.

Codex 50 has the title "Book of the Isagogue, Analytics and Categories". This contains (the first 4 are also in codex 49, which has the same title):

• The Isagogue of Porphyry, as translated by Probus, priest, archdeacon and archiater of Antioch.
• The Dialectic of Aristotle.
• The treatise of Sarguis, archiater, on the use of the Categories of Aristotle.
• The peri hermenias of Aristotle, translated from Greek to Syriac by Probus again, with a commentary by Probus.
• The abbreviated commentary on the peri hermenias, composed by Paul the Persian and translated from Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokht.
• A letter by Severus Sebokht on the logic of Aristotle, addressed to a Yaunan, visitor.

The manuscript is undated. Whether this ms. still exists is unknown.

Bibliography

Works and translations

• Severus Sebokht, De Constellationibus. No complete text has ever been published.
  • Complete French translation and two chapters in Syriac may be found in: F. Nau, "La Traité sur les `Constellations' Écrit, en 661, par Sévère Séboht, Évêque de Qennesrin., Revue de l’Orient Chrétien vol.27 (1929/30), pp.327-410, continued in vol.28 (1932), pp.85-100. This is a French translation of De constellationibus, with the Syriac text of chapters 4 and 5 (4 including a long portion of Aratus which is defective in our Greek mss; 5 containing Syriac astrological terms). It is prefaced with an introduction which gives the Syriac and a French translation of all the passages in Ms. Paris Syr. 346 which shed biographical light on Severus' life.
  • Two other chapters of the Syriac are published from the British Library Ms. by Eduard Sachau, (1845-1930), Inedita Syriaca : eine Sammlung syrischer Übersetzungen von Schriften griechischer Profanliteratur ; mit einem Anhang, aus den Handschriften des Brittischen [sic] Museums / herausgegeben von Ed. Sachau. Publisher: Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei (1870) 1 volume. (=Unpublished Syriac texts: a collection of Syriac translations of works of Greek secular literature; with a list of the mss of the British Museum).

• Severus Sebokht, On the astrolabe.
  • English translation: M. Margoliouth, in R. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World. I, The Eastern Astrolabes (Oxford, 1932), 82-103. Online here. McMahon says that this is from the French.
  • Syriac text and French translation: F. Nau, "Le Traité Sur l’astrolabe de Sévère Sebokht", Journal asiatique, série 9, t. xiii, 1899, P. 238-303. This was made from the Berlin Ms. Sachau 186, prior to the arrival of Ms. Paris 346 in the West. Nau subsequently published corrections in

• F. Nau, La Cosmographie au VIIe Siècle chez les Syriens, Revue de l'Orient Chrétien, vol. 5 (18) (1910) pp.225-54. A detailed description of Ms. Paris Syr. 346, including the Syriac with French translation of all the chapter titles, and of many passages, including extracts on 'Indian' (=Arabic) numerals.

• Severus Sebokht on Indian numerals: F. Nau, 'La plus ancienne mention orientale des chiffres indiens', Journal asiatique 10:16 (1910), pp.225-227. This article gives the Syriac and a French translation of the passage in Ms. Paris Syr. 346.

Secondary literature

• Scott L. Montgomery. Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. xii + 326 pp. Halftones, ISBN 0-226-53480-4.

• David Pingree's "The Teaching of the Almagest in Late Antiquity" (75-98)in Timothy D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society. Aperion: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science 27.4 (December 1994). Edmonton: Academic Printing & Publishing, 1994. Pp. 125. Price unspecified. ISBN 0-920980-60-0 (hb); ISBN 0-920980-61-9 (pb). Article (pp.80-95) on an anonymous commentary on Ptolemy's "Almagest" in the margins of our oldest copy -- the author concludes Severus Sebokht is the author. (From BMCR)

• Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, forthcoming): Articles by John McMahon on Homer, Hesiod, Vergil, Ovid, Theon of Alexandria, Synesius of Cyrene, Dionysius Exiguus, Cassiodorus, and Severus Sebokht

• An account of him is included in a recently written history of Iraqi Christianity; Suha Rassan, Christianity in Iraq, Gracewing (2005). UK ISBN 0-85244-6330, p. 70. Available from Amazon.co.uk.

Paul the Persian

http://www.iranica.com/articles/supp4/PaulthePersian.html

PAUL THE PERSIAN, a writer who. Bar Hebraeus (Chron. Eccl. II; ed. Abbeloos and Lamy, I, cols. , 97-98) refers to a certain Paul the Persian of Dershar (or Dershahr) who lived at the time of the Nestorian Patriarch Ezekiel (567-580 C.E.), according to Bar Hebraeus (Chron. Eccl. II; ed. Abbeloos and Lamy, 1872 I, cols. 97-98), and was well versed in ecclesiastical and philosophical matters. . Having once at one time aspired to be the metropolitan bishop of Persis, he later converted to Zoroastrianism.; Paul's apostasy is described in ( a similar manner in the Arabic Chronicle of Se'ert (XXIV; ed. Scher, 1911, p. 147), but cf. Teixidor (1996, p. 509, n. 1) has questioned the historical value of these reports.

Bar Hebraeus attributes to Paul "an admirable introduction to the dialectics (of Aristotle)." It is generally agreed that this is identical with the Syriac Treatise on the Logic of Aristotle the Philosopher addressed to King K¨huosrowousrowau (i.e., K¨housrowau I Anu_uæshirvw_a@an, rregn. 531-5798/579), which is extant in aone Syriac manuscript in the British Museum (ms.ms. 988 [Add. 144660], ff.fols.foll. 55v-67rv; Wright 1872, 1872, p. 1161). Renan edited the first part of the introduction and translated it into French (1852a, 311-319) and Latin (1852b, 16-22). An edition and Latin translation of The Treatise were published by Land (1875). The Treatise contains an introduction to philosophy in general, an introduction to Aristotle's logical works (dependent upon Porphyry's Isagoge), and concise summaries of the individual books of the Organon studied in the Syrian school tradition ( Categoriae; De interpretatione; Analytica priora 1I.1-7).e whole treatise was then edited and translated into Latin by Land (1875) The first half of the Treatise has and been translated into French by Teixidor (1992, pp. 129-1320; 1998b). . [was whole treatise translated by Teixidor or only introduction to treatise?]

Ahmad al-Meiskawwayh (d. 1030), in his Tartiba@arit_bkò als-sa¿a@da@tls-tòa@bet sa'_d_tKitab al-Sa'ada, quotes from an otherwise unknown workletter of Paul addressed to K¨housrowau which provides a general introduction to the philosophy of Aristotle and explaining its value (Pines 1971, 1971, pp. 123-124; Gutas, 1983, pp. 233, 244); this, a type of prolegomenon which traditionally formed the first part of a commentary on the Categoriae (Gutas, 1983, p. 246). ; this lost epistle may have served as a cover letter for the extant Treatise addressed to Khusrau.

The two previously described works described abovePaul's Treatise exercised a certain influence upon later Islamic writers, especially philosophical writers of the ninth to eleventh centuries C.E. A.D. (Kraus, 1934, pp. 1934, 16-20; Pines, 1971; 1971 ; Gutas, 1983; 1985, pp. 119,, 123, n. 17). Particularly influential were Paul's classification and division of the parts of philosophy (Gutas, 1983; Teixidor 1996/1997, pp. 733-734) and his claim that knowledge is superior to faith and should be pursued/chosen in preference to the latter. Paul argued that, since through the knowledge one may attain to to certainty, allowing people to reach unanimous and so it and leads to agreement., while faith, however, can neither gain exact knowledge nor eliminate doubt, leading to dissension and discord breeds doubt and leads to discord (Gutas, 1983, p. 247; Teixidor, 1996).

This Paul also wrote a short commentary on Aristotle's De interpretatione, which is extant in Syriac in Alqosh, ms. Voste?e/ 53 (= Scher 50), cah. 24, pp.ff. 1-15. The prescript asserts that this commentary was translated from Middle Persian into Syriac by Severus Sebokt (d. 667) (Scher, 1906, p. 498; Voste?, 1928, e/, p. 23; Sims-Williams, forthcoming), raising the question of whether the treatise Treatise Paul addressed to K¨osrow Khosrowusroau was likewisealso originally written in Middle Persian (Baumstark 1922, 1922, p. 246 with n. 8; Vööbus 1965, 1965, p. 171 with n. 19; Gutas, 1983, pp. 239, n. 15; , 244, n. 29). The De interpretatione commentary and its prescript are also known to have survived in pp. 124-155 ofin a Syriac manuscript formerly in the collection of lent by Paul Bedjan to A. (Van Hoonacker (1900, 1900, p. 73). The relation of this commentary to the summary of the De interpretatione given in the Treatise has not been established.

Paul the Persian also appears as a literary figure in an early Byzantine Greek anti-Manichaean work, the Debate of Photinus the Manichaean and Paul the Persian, which is extant in Sinaiticus gr. 513 (383), ff.fols.foll. 130v-136v; Athos, Vatopedinus 236, ff.fols.foll. 129v-135r; and Vaticanus gr. 1838, ff.fols.foll. 249v-258v. Mai (1847) produced an edition of the text (based upon Vaticanus gr. 1838 but with numerous errors) together with a Latin translation; these were reprinted by J.-P. Migne (Patrologia Graeca, vol. 88, cols. 529A-552C). Samuel Lieu and Mark Vermes have prepared an English translation of this work (to appear in the Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum Series Graeca), which is based upon Mai's edition but includes some emendations made after examining a microfilm of Vatopedinus 236. A critical edition of the Greek text and a new English translation are being prepared by Byard Bennett. The Debate purports to be a transcript of three disputations held in Constantinople at the command of the Emperors Justin I and Justinian I (i.e., between 1 April 1 and 1 August 1, 527 C.E. A.D.), with the eparch of the city, Theodorus (Teganistes), presiding. The three disputations deal, respectively, with the origin of human souls, the Manichaean doctrine of the two principles, and the nature of the Law and validity of the Old Testament.

Lieu (1983, p. 165, n. 107) (1983, p. 165 n.107) initially suggested that the Debate was fictional, being "composed in the literary tradition of the Acta Archelai.." In a later work, however, Lieu (1992, pp. 96, 211-214) appears to have accepted the historicity of the disputations, noting the realistic narration of events and the coincidence in time of this alleged debate with Justinian's edicts against Manichaeism (Codex Justinianus 1.5.12.2-3,; 1.5.16.2; ed. Krue Krüger, 1929, pp. 53, 56) and persecution of the Manichaeans (John Malalas, Chronographia, ; ed. Dindorf, 1831, p. 423, 16-17;, reproduced in Theophanes, Chronographia A.M. 6016; ed. de Boor, 1883, p. 171, 2-3). The historicity of the disputations has similarly been affirmed by Mercati (1901, p. 191), Richard (1977, p. XLV), and Klein (1991, p. 31). Since, however, there is no evidence that Theodorus held the office of eparch after 1 Dec.ember 1, 526 (Martindale, 1980, p. 1096; Feissel, 1986) and these disputations are not attested in any other source, their historicity cannot be regarded as established. The assertion by Labourt (1904, pp. 166-167) and Lieu (1992, p. 212) that the Paul who appears in the Debate can be identified with the author of the Treatise is implausible. The fact that the Paul who authored the logical treatises is said to have flourished over forty years after the debate with the Manichaeans is supposed to have taken place suggests caution in identifying these two figures. Bibliography: J. B. Abbeloos and T. J. Lamy, Gregorii Barhebraei Chronicon Ecclesiasticum, vol. 1, Louvain, 1872.

A. Baumstark, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur, Bonn, 1922. C. de Boor, Theophanis Chronographia, vol. 1, I, v. 1, Leipzig, 1883. L. Dindorf, Ioannis Malalae Chronographia, Bonn, 1831. D. Feissel, "Le pre?fet de Constantinople, les poids-e?talons et l'estampillage de l'argenterie au VIe et au VIIe sieàcle," Revue Numismatique 28, 1986, pp. 119-142.

D.imitri Gutas, "Paul the Persian on the Classification of the Parts of Aristotle's Philosophy: A Milestone Between Alexandria and Baghdad," Der Islam 60/:2, (1983), pp. 231-2679-240; reprinted in his Greek Philosophers in the Arabic Tradition, Aldershot, 2000. Idem, "The Starting Point of Philosophical Studies in Alexandrian and Arabic Aristotelianism," in Theophrastus of Eresus: On His Life and Work, ed. W. W. Fortenbaugh, P. M. Huby, and A. A. Long, New Brunswick, 1985, pp. 115-123; reprinted in his Greek Philosophers in the Arabic Tradition. H. Hugonnard-Roche, "Introductions syriaques aà l'e?tude de la logique: aà propos de quelques Divisions de Porphyre," Hautes Études Me?die?vales et Modernes 73, 1994, pp. 385-408. H.F. Janssens, L'Entretien de la Sagesse: Introduction aux ?uvres Philosophiques de Bar Hebraeus, Paris, 1937. W.W. Klein, Die Argumentation in den griechisch-christlichen Antimanichaica, Wiesbaden, 1991.

P. Kraus, "Zu Ibn al-Muqaffa¿ ," Rivista degli Sstudi Oorientali 14, (1934), pp. 1-20. P. Krüger, Corpus Iuris Civilis. Volumen secundum. Codex Iustinianus, Berlin, 1929; (repr. 1954). J. Labourt, Le Christianisme dans l'Empire Perse sous la Dynastie Sassanide (224-632), Paris, 1904. J. P. N. Land, Anecdota Syriaca, vol. 4, , v. 4IV, Leiden, 1875 , v. 4 (Syriac text, pp. 1-32; Latin text, pp. 1-30 [translation], pp. 99-113 [notes]). Samuel N. C. Lieu, "An Early Byzantine Formula for the Renunciation of Manichaeism ? The Capita VII contra Manichaeos of ," Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 26, 1983, pp. 152-218. Idem, Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, 2nd ed., Tübingen, 1992. A. Mai, Nova Patrum Bibliotheca, vol. 4/.2, Rome, 1847, pp. 80-91. J. R. Martindale, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Volume II: A.D. 395-527, Cambridge, 1980. G. Mercati, "Per la vita e gli scritti di 'Paolo il Persiano.' Appunti da una disputa di religione sotto Giustino e Giustiniano," in his Note di Letteratura biblica e cristiana antica, Rome, 1901, pp. 180-206.

S. Pines, "Ahmad Miskawayh and Paul the Persian," Naæriye-ye Ira@_an-æSheina@_ass^_i 2/2.2, (1971), pp. 121-129. E. Renan, "Lettre aà M. Reinaud, sur quelques manuscripts syriaques du Muse?e/e Bbritannique," JAournal Asiatique, 4e se?erie, t. 19XIX, [1852], pp. 293-333. 311-319;

Idem, De philosophia peripatetica apud Syros commentationem historicam, Paris, 1852, pp. 19-22. M. Richard, Iohannis Caesariensis presbyteri et grammatici opera quae supersunt, Corpus Christianorum Series Graeca 1, Turnhout, 1977.

Addai Scher, "Notice sur les manuscripts syriaques conserve?e/s dans la Bibliotheque du couvent des Chalde?eens de Notre-Dame-des-Semences," Journal Asiatique, ser. 10e se?rie, 7t. VII, (May-June 1906), pp. 479-512. Idem, Histoire Nestorienne (Chronique de Se?ert). Seconde partie, fasc. 1, Patrologia Orientalis 7, Paris, 1911. N. Sims-Williams, "Christian Literature in Middle Iranian Languages," in The Literature of Pre-Islamic Iran, ed. by R. E. Emmerick and M. Macuch, New York, forthcoming.

Javier Teixidor, Bardesane d'Edesse. La premieàre philosophie syriaque, Paris, 1992.

Idem, "Science versus foi chez Paul le Perse. Une note," in From Byzantium to Iran: Armenian Studies iIn Honour of Nina Garsoïi..an, ed. by J.-P. Mahe? and R. W. Thomson, Atlanta, 1996, pp. 509-519. Idem, "Aristote en syriaque: les philosophes de la Haute Me?sopotamie au VIe sieàcle," Annuaire du Colleàge de France 97, 1996/1997, pp. 723-743. Idem, "L'introduction au De interpretatione chez Proba et Paul le Perse," in Symposium Syriacum VII, ed. by R. Lavenant, Rome, 1998a, pp. 293-301. Idem, "Les textes syriaques de logique de Paul lde Perse," Semitica 47, 1998b, pp. 117-138.

A. Van Hoonacker, ""Le traite?e du philosophe syrien Probus sur les Premiers Analytiques dAristote,"" Journal Asiatique, 9e se?rieser. IX, 16t. XVI, (Jul.-Aug. 1900), pp. 70-166.

A.rthur Vööbus, (HHistory of the School of Nisibis, Louvain, : Secretariat du Corpus SCO 1965.

J.-M. Voste?e, "Catalogue de la bBibliotheàeque du couvent sSyro-Chalde?eenne de Notre-Dame.-D. des Semences preàs d'Alqoæ_ (Iraq)," Angelicum 5, (1928), pp. 3-36, 161-194, 325-358, 481-498. W.illiam Wright, Catalogue of the Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum, Acquired since the Year 1838, London, 1872. (BYARD BENNETT)

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